Electrosensitive polymer gels: Controlling size and shape by means of red–ox processes – outlook and prospects

Marcisz, Kamil; Zabost, Ewelina; Karbarz, Marcin

doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101656

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…This is evidenced by the growing number of publications describing the properties of such gels and the possibilities of their application. − In addition, as a result of their sensitivity to external stimuli, polymer gels are classified as “smart” materials. − In response to external stimuli, they undergo a volume phase transition (VPT). The VPT process involves the alteration of the gel from the swollen phase to the shrunken phase or reverse. − The reversible change in the volume of the gel during the phase transition can be up to several orders of magnitude, resulting in significant changes in its properties. The varied triggers can induce the volume changes of the hydrogels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VPT process involves the alteration of the gel from the swollen phase to the shrunken phase or reverse. 8 − 10 The reversible change in the volume of the gel during the phase transition can be up to several orders of magnitude, resulting in significant changes in its properties. The varied triggers can induce the volume changes of the hydrogels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature-Modulated Changes in Thin Gel Layer Thickness Triggered by Electrochemical Stimuli

2023

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A series of thermoresponsive hydrogels containing positively charged groups in the polymeric network were synthesized and modified with the electroactive compound 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). ABTS, which forms a dianion in aqueous solutions, acts as an additional physical cross-linker and strongly affects the swelling ratio of the gels. The influence of the amount of positively charged groups and ABTS oxidation state on the volume phase transition temperature was investigated. A hydrogel that possesses a relatively wide and well-defined temperature window (the temperature range where changes in the ABTS oxidation state affects the swelling ratio significantly) was found. The influence of the presence and oxidation state of ABTS on mechanical properties was investigated using a tensile machine and a rheometer. Then, a very thin layer of the gel was deposited on an Au electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (EQCM-D) electrode using the electrochemically induced free radical polymerization method. Next, chronoamperometry combined with quartz crystal microbalance measurements, obtained with an Au EQCM-D electrode modified by the gel, showed that the size of the thin layer could be controlled by an electrochemical trigger. Furthermore, it was found that the electrosensitivity could be modulated by the temperature. Such properties are desired from the point of view construction of electrochemical actuators.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-Modulated Changes in Thin Gel Layer Thickness Triggered by Electrochemical Stimuli

2023

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“…Microgel scaffolds are usually porous, which is conducive to cell invasion, proliferation and migration. 36,37 What's more, multi-stimuli responsiveness is another important feature of supramolecular microgel assemblies, which respond to a variety of physical or biochemical stimuli [38][39][40] like temperature, light, magnetic/electric field, mechanical force, pH, and redox, etc. Responsive microgels serve as intelligent carriers for bioactive molecules such as drugs, proteins, carbohydrates and DNA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supramolecular assemblies of multifunctional microgels for biomedical applications

Zheng

Zhu

et al. 2023

J. Mater. Chem. B

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“…The properties of such electrosensitive gels depend strongly on the oxidation state of the redox groups. For instance, a volume-phase transition could occur as a response to a change in the redox probe oxidation state. − Introducing ferrocene or benzoquinone moieties to the thermoresponsive p(NIPA) microgels has been found to make the materials electroresponsive. The oxidation state of the redox species has a strong influence on the volume-phase transition temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemically Controlled Release from a Thin Hydrogel Layer

Gwardys,

Marcisz,

Jagleniec

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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In this study, we present a thermoresponsive thin hydrogel layer based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), functionalized with β-cyclodextrin groups (p(NIPA-βCD)), as a novel electrochemically controlled release system. This thin hydrogel layer was synthesized and simultaneously attached to the surface of a Au quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) electrode using electrochemically induced free radical polymerization. The process was induced and monitored using cyclic voltammetry and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), respectively. The properties of the thin layer were investigated by using QCM-D and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The incorporation of β-cyclodextrin moieties within the polymer network allowed rhodamine B dye modified with ferrocene (RdFc), serving as a model metallodrug, to accumulate in the p(NIPA-βCD) layer through host–guest inclusion complex formation. The redox properties of the electroactive p(NIPA-βCD/RdFc) layer and the dissociation of the host–guest complex triggered by changes in the oxidation state of the ferrocene groups were investigated. It was found that oxidation of the ferrocene moieties led to the release of RdFc. It was crucial to achieve precise control over the release of RdFc by applying the appropriate electrochemical signal, specifically, by applying the appropriate potential to the electrode. Importantly, the electrochemically controlled RdFc release process was performed at a temperature similar to that of the human body and monitored using a spectrofluorimetric technique. The presented system appears to be particularly suitable for transdermal delivery and delivery from intrabody implants.

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Electrosensitive polymer gels: Controlling size and shape by means of red–ox processes – outlook and prospects

Cited by 6 publications

References 87 publications

Temperature-Modulated Changes in Thin Gel Layer Thickness Triggered by Electrochemical Stimuli

Temperature-Modulated Changes in Thin Gel Layer Thickness Triggered by Electrochemical Stimuli

Supramolecular assemblies of multifunctional microgels for biomedical applications

Electrochemically Controlled Release from a Thin Hydrogel Layer

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