“…Published techniques include the use of a biotinylated probe coupled to an avidin or streptavidin layer Hook et al, 2001b;Tombelli et al, 2002;Gao et al, 2004;, an avidinmodified polymeric surface such as polypyrrole (DupontFilliard et al, 2001(DupontFilliard et al, , 2004b, polystyrene Su, 2002), polyallylamine , thioctic acid (Taira and Yokoyama, 2005), covalently linked polypyrrole-bearing oligonucleotides (Lassalle et al, 2001), thiolated probes bound directly to the surface (Hianik et al, 2001;Huang et al, 2001;Hook et al, 2001b;Ha et al, 2004;Mannelli et al, 2005), photoreactive biotin (Su, 2002), dextran Tombelli et al, 2005b), alkane-thiol mixed SAMs , amine labelled DNA covalently bound to the surface via a modified silane (Gheorghe and Guiseppi-Elie, 2003 Ihalainen and Peltonen, 2004), cholesterol-tagged DNA on lipid layers (Graneli et al, 2004;Pfeiffer and Hook, 2004), schizophyllan (a beta-(1,3)-D-glucan) complexed DNA and single-chain schizophyllan complexed with polynucleotides.…”