Electron microscopy of crazes in polystyrene and rubber modified polystyrene: use of iodine-sulphur eutectic as a craze reinforcing impregnant

Kambour, R. P.; Russell, R. R.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(71)90048-6

Cited by 109 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Fig. 2 represents a part of the surface of a filament which was drawn to a ratio of 1.5 at 120 ~ C. Drawing has resulted in the formation of large cavities, which are spanned by fibrils and which are very similar to crazes in glassy polymers [13][14][15][16]. Donald Figure 2 SEM micrograph of filament A drawn in the dynamometer at 120~ to a draw ratio of 1.5.…”

Section: Deformation Of An As-extruded Filamentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The plastic deformation of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

1985

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Gel-spun filaments of different initial morphologies have been subjected to controlled drawing at elevated temperatures. The drawn samples have been examined by highresolution scanning electron microscopy. The deformation mechanism at temperatures up to 120 ~ C is very similar to crazing, especially in the case of unoriented gel-spun filaments. Filaments exhibiting a shish-kebab morphology offer the opportunity of examining the deformation of elementary fibrils in a quantitative way. The transformation of individual lamellae into fibrils is the initial deformation mode, which is followed by slip of fibrils at a later stage. This is concluded from a comparison of experimental data and model calculations of the maximum draw ratio. Drawing at 144 ~ C results in the formation of globular aggregates of lamellae, with a characteristic long period of 40 nm. This long period persists until all the globules have been converted, by micronecking, into aggregate fibrils of extended-chain character. On a molecular scale, the various processes can be described as the temperature-dependent flow behaviour of an entanglement network.

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Section: Deformation Of An As-extruded Filamentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The plastic deformation of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

1985

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“…Substantial progress in the determination of the structure of crazes was reached by electron microscopic investigations by Kambour [2,3] and Beahan, Bevis and Hall [4][5][6]. Recently extensive electron microscopical investigations of crazes in several glassy polymers were performed by Kramer et al (summary in [7]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…-preparation of ultra-thin sections from bulk material with crazes; the collapse of crazes have been avoided by filling them with several impregnants (silver nitrate solution, sulphur, or sulphur-iodine-eutectic alloys in melted state) [2,3] or by stretching the thin secuons [4]; K 891 Fig. 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electron microscopic investigations of the structure of crazes in polystyrene

Michler

1985

Colloid & Polymer Sci

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The structures of the deformation zones in polystyrene (PS), the so-called crazes, were investigated in detail by electron microscopy. Compared with the conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) the usage of a high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) with an accelerating voltage of 1000 kV has several advantages: it renders possible the investigation of relatively thick specimens (thicknesses up to and exceeding 5 pan), the performance of in situ deformation tests, and the application of a special tensile device, producing a defined uniaxial straining state.First, general features of the crazes in PS (pressure-molded samples, solution-cast films) are described, and second, the crazes are precisely characterized by quantitatively measuring the electron micrographs of the crazes. Shape, thickness profile, minimum size, interior structure, and elongation of the crazes are discussed in detail.

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“…Tfrom their ability for massive yielding in the form of crazing and shear banding (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Rubber particles, when small and well dispersed, behave as stress concentrators that encourage local crazing and shear banding in the matrix.…”

Section: Introduction Oughness Of Rubber-modified Polymers Is Believementioning

confidence: 99%

Toughness Evaluation of Blends of Polypropylene/Cross-Linked Rubber Using the High-Speed Puncture Test

Dao

1983

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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Electron microscopy of crazes in polystyrene and rubber modified polystyrene: use of iodine-sulphur eutectic as a craze reinforcing impregnant

Cited by 109 publications

References 4 publications

The plastic deformation of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

The plastic deformation of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

Electron microscopic investigations of the structure of crazes in polystyrene

Toughness Evaluation of Blends of Polypropylene/Cross-Linked Rubber Using the High-Speed Puncture Test

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