Electron beam induced growth of silver nanowhiskers

Umalas, Madis; Vlassov, Sergei; Polyakov, Boris; Dorogin, Leonid; Saar, Rando; Kink, Ilmar; Lõhmus, Rünno; Lõhmus, Ants; Романов, А. Е.

doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2014.10.021

Cited by 11 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Here, we present data showing that the Zn whisker development from a raised floor tile can be greatly accelerated by the external electric field, a conclusion consistent with the electrostatic theory of metal whiskers [10][11][12][13] and recent observations of the field induced development of metal whiskers. [14][15][16][17] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

et al. 2016

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We have investigated the impact of strong (∼10 4 V/cm) electric fields on the development of Zn whiskers. The original samples, with considerable whisker infestation were cut from Zn-coated steel floors and then exposed to electric fields stresses for 10-20 hours at room temperature. We used various electric field sources, from charges accumulated in samples irradiated by: (1) the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), (2) the electron beam of a medical linear accelerator, and (3) the ion beam of a linear accelerator; we also used (4) the electric field produced by a Van der Graaf generator. In all cases, the exposed samples exhibited a considerable (tens of percent) increase in whiskers concentration compared to the control sample. The acceleration factor defined as the ratio of the measured whisker growth rate over that in zero field, was estimated to approach several hundred. The statistics of lengths of e-beam induced whiskers was found to follow the log-normal distribution known previously for metal whiskers. The observed accelerated whisker growth is attributed to electrostatic effects. These results offer promise for establishing whisker-related accelerated life testing protocols. C 2016 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

et al. 2016

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“…Studies which explicitly result in growth of silver nanostructures under irradiation include. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]14 Of these, ref. 5 heating of the substrate during the interaction with the beam, provides energy for atomic migration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]14 Of these, ref. 5 heating of the substrate during the interaction with the beam, provides energy for atomic migration. 5,6 This can be also coupled to softening of the internal material structure under the electron irradiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 heating of the substrate during the interaction with the beam, provides energy for atomic migration. 5,6 This can be also coupled to softening of the internal material structure under the electron irradiation. Charging of the silver under the irradiation simultaneously results in attraction of silver ions to the regions exposed to the electron beam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stereoscopic Nanoscale-Precision Growth of Free-Standing Silver Nanorods by Electron Beam Irradiation

et al. 2016

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Nanoscale manipulation of atoms is desirable in modern technologies. Atoms in a material are typically manipulated by mechanical contact or thermal and electric effects. The electron beam of a scanning electron microscope is usually used for two-dimensional patterning of a substrate with nanoscale precision. Here we report stereoscopic growth of nanoparticles and nanorods on silver surfaces with nanometric precision under exposure to the electron beam with precise control over their position, size, and orientation. Nanorod length (50−1000 nm) and diameter (30−100 nm) can be independently controlled by adjusting the electron beam characteristics of a scanning electron microscope. Silver nanorods with diameters as small as 30 nm with location accuracy limited only by the resolution of the scanning electron microscope have been fabricated with repeatable orientation and size. Cascaded nanorod structures can be grown directly on other nanorods. The results open up a number of exciting possibilities for three-dimensional, nanoscale-controlled direct fabrication of nanoparticles and nanowires by an electron beam in situ using conventional SEM facilities.

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“…40,41 However, movements of metal whiskers caused by the electric field was experimentally demonstrated, 42 and there is a preliminary evidence that the electric field strongly accelerates whisker growth. 43,44 The charge patch model assumes relatively small surface regions illustrated in Fig. 8 with characteristic linear dimension d 0 < ∼ 10 µm where individual patch charges are mutually uncorrelated.…”

Section: A Charge Patch Model and Static Deflectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the movements of metal whiskers

Карпов

2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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Metal whiskers often grow across leads of electric equipment causing short circuits and raising significant reliability issues. Their nature remains a mystery after several decades of research. It was observed that metal whiskers exhibit large amplitude movements under gentle air flow or, according to some testimonies, without obvious stimuli. Understanding the physics behind that movements would give additional insights into the nature of metal whiskers. Here, we quantitatively analyze possible mechanisms of the observed movements: (1) minute air currents, (2) Brownian motion due to random bombardments with the air molecules, (3) mechanically caused movements, such as (a) transmitted external vibrations, and (b) torque exerted due to material propagation along curved whiskers (the garden hose instability), (4) time dependent electric fields due to diffusion of ions, and (5) non-equilibrium electric fields making it possible for some whiskers to move. For all these mechanisms we provide numerical estimates. Our conclusion is that the observed movements are likely due to the air currents or electric recharging caused by external light or similar factors.

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Electron beam induced growth of silver nanowhiskers

Cited by 11 publications

References 41 publications

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

Stereoscopic Nanoscale-Precision Growth of Free-Standing Silver Nanorods by Electron Beam Irradiation

Understanding the movements of metal whiskers

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