Electrogravimetrical study of polypyrrole

Slama, Mohammed El Amine; Tanguy, J.

doi:10.1016/0379-6779(89)90516-x

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The use of a dopant soluble in the electrolyte is preferable to improve the undoping/doping process. A similar value of volume change was found for PPy in LiClO 4 /propylene carbonate according to in situ bulk measurements of Slama and Tanguy [76].…”

supporting

confidence: 62%

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Cortés

Moreno

2003

E-Polymers

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Natural muscles have mechanical properties that conventional actuators do not possess. These natural machines show large strain, moderate stress, high efficiency and stability, fast response time, high power/weight ratio, long lifetime, etc. In the last years a great interest has arisen to develop materials that mimic natural mechanisms. Conducting polymers have an array of potential applications as artificial muscles since they are capable to produce a moderate displacement when submitted to an electrochemical reaction. This property has been used to fabricate actuator devices that imitate and even improve the performance of natural muscles. For example, conducting polymers show stresses 15 times higher than those generated by mammalian muscles, a high power/weight ratio and a high degree of compliance. However, there are also several responses that need improvement in the actuators based on conducting polymers. Strains are still c. 50% lower than in natural muscles. Most of this kind of actuators only work in liquid media. It is necessary to increase the response time and obtain more durable actuators with longer lifetime and higher stability. In spite of these disadvantages, the first actuators based on conducting polymers are being commercialized. This paper presents a brief summary of some of the actuators based on these polymers, focusing on their design, performance and actuation mechanism.

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supporting

confidence: 62%

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Cortés

Moreno

2003

E-Polymers

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“…2). In polymers prepared with a small, mobile anion, the process in Equation 1 dominates, [100,101,103,104,111,114] and the polymer expands in the oxidized state. However, in polymers prepared with a large, immobile anion that cannot be expelled upon reduction, charge compensation instead occurs primarily through the incorporation of cations, [34,48,97,100,101,105,110,113±117] and the polymer expands in the reduced state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Biomedical Applications

Smela¹

2003

Advanced Materials

1,130

817

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Conjugated polymers are electroactive and have found applications as artificial muscles. Actuators that have been developed over the last decade have now reached the early stages of commercialization, particularly for use in biomedical devices. This article reviews the motivation for using this class of actuator, the types of devices that have been fabricated, and some of the biomedical applications that are being developed. Recommendations are presented for future work on understanding the actuation mechanisms, on actuator design, and on the measurement of metrics.

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“…The bending movements obtained by electrochemically induced movements in films of conducting polymer (electrochemomechanical devices) [6][7][8][9] described angles larger than 180 degrees, surpassing all expectations of the stated hypotheses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Polypyrrole artificial muscles: a new rhombic element. Construction and␣electrochemomechanical characterization

Otero

Broschart

2005

J Appl Electrochem

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A novel rhombus-shaped electrochemomechanical unit constituted by 4 polypyrrole bilayer (conducting polymer/ tape) muscles and two plastic hinges, able to transform reversible angular movements from the basic bilayers into longitudinal movements, has been successfully constructed and electrochemically characterized. During operation two of the bilayers act as anode and the other two as cathode. Thus, all the electrical energy is used, avoiding an additional metallic counterelectrode and the subsequent generation of products able to degrade the muscle. The reference electrode is short-circuited to the counterelectrode in order to monitor the muscle potential along the galvanostatic experiments and the sensing abilities of the device. The devices were checked by repetitive galvanostatic contraction/extension of up to 20% of the original length. About 50% of the devices produced irregular movements, due to different ohmic resistances in the electrical contacts between the wires and polymeric films. Once the contacts were improved, the new devices showed good reproducibility. The influence of electrolyte concentration, experimental current and weight trailed by the device indicates that the complex device maintains most of the sensing properties of the basic bilayer muscles. Then checking the life-time of the device, contact failures and fissures around the metal/polymer joint were immediately detected from the chronopotentiometric noises which appeared after several cycles. Such failures must be solved before the device can be miniaturized and in order to construct different shapes, and three-dimensional sensing muscles for robotics from combinations of basic units.

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Electrogravimetrical study of polypyrrole

Cited by 32 publications

References 3 publications

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Biomedical Applications

Polypyrrole artificial muscles: a new rhombic element. Construction and␣electrochemomechanical characterization

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