Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Biomedical Applications

Smela, Elisabeth

doi:10.1002/adma.200390113

Cited by 1,139 publications

(864 citation statements)

References 218 publications

(151 reference statements)

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“…9 In fact, this swelling phenomenon is of such sufficient magnitude that it has been leveraged to construct electrochemical actuators. 10,11 Metal−organic frameworks are hybrid materials with permanently porous structures that can be modified in a building blocklike fashion. 12,13 Because of the large pore sizes, they are also highly amenable to postsynthetic modification, which often requires the accommodation of large guest molecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dual−Ion Battery Cathode via Oxidative Insertion of Anions in a Metal–Organic Framework

2015

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A redox−active metal−organic framework, Fe 2 (dobpdc) (dobpdc 4− = 4,4′-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3′-dicarboxylate), is shown to undergo a topotactic oxidative insertion reaction with a variety of weakly coordinating anions, including BF 4 − and PF 6 − . The reaction results in just a minor lattice contraction, and a broad intervalence charge-transfer band emerges, indicative of charge mobility. Although both metaland ligand-based oxidations can be accessed, only the former were found to be fully reversible and, importantly, proceed stoichiometrically under both chemical and electrochemical conditions. Electrochemical measurements probing the effects of nanoconfinement on the insertion reaction revealed strong anion size and solvent dependences. Significantly, the anion insertion behavior of Fe 2 (dobpdc) enabled its use in the construction of a dual-ion battery prototype incorporating a sodium anode. As a cathode, the material displays a particularly high initial reduction potential and is further stable for at least 50 charge/discharge cycles, exhibiting a maximum specific energy of 316 Wh/ kg.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dual−Ion Battery Cathode via Oxidative Insertion of Anions in a Metal–Organic Framework

2015

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“…It is generally accepted in the literature that polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and their derivatives have some biocompatibility with living body tissues and fluids. Test for long periods of time (90 days) in vitro and in vivo have shown little evidence of toxicity or immune problems [43][44][45][46][47]. It has, however, been reported in literature that the polyaniline showed some cytotoxicity during in vivo studies [48].…”

Section: A Drug Delivery System Based On Conducting Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposited conductive polymers for controlled drug release: polypyrrole

Alshammary

Walsh

Herrasti

et al. 2015

J Solid State Electrochem

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Over the last 40 years, electrically conductive polymers have become well established as important electrode materials. Polyanilines, polythiophenes and polypyrroles have received particular attention due to their ease of synthesis, chemical stability, mechanical robustness and the ability to tailor their properties. Electrochemical synthesis of these materials as films have proved to be a robust and simple way to realise surface layers with controlled thickness, electrical conductivity and ion transport. In the last decade, the biomedical compatibility of electrodeposited polymers has become recognised; in particular, polypyrroles have been studied extensively and can provide an effective route to pharmaceutical drug release. The factors controlling the electrodeposition of this polymer from practical electrolytes are considered in this review including electrolyte composition and operating conditions such as the temperature and electrode potential. Voltammetry and current-time behaviour are seen to be effective techniques for film characterisation during and after their formation. The degree of take-up and the rate of drug release depend greatly on the structure, composition and oxidation state of the polymer film. Specialised aspects are considered, including galvanic cells with a Mg anode, use of catalytic nanomotors or implantable biofuel cells for a self-powered drug delivery system and nanoporous surfaces and nanostructures. Following a survey of polymer and drug types, progress in this field is summarised and aspects requiring further research are highlighted.

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“…The oxidized film expands owing to the inflow of dopant ions, whereas the reduced film expels the dopant ions and in the process shrinks, as depicted in figure 4 (Otero & Cortes 2003). Ions can enter the polymer either in the oxidized state as shown in equation (2.1) or in the reduced state as in equation (2.2) (Smela 2003),…”

Section: Bioactuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering

Ravichandran

Sundarrajan

Venugopal

et al. 2010

J. R. Soc. Interface.

381

253

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Conducting polymers (CPs) have attracted much interest as suitable matrices of biomolecules and have been used to enhance the stability, speed and sensitivity of various biomedical devices. Moreover, CPs are inexpensive, easy to synthesize and versatile because their properties can be readily modulated by (i) surface functionalization techniques and (ii) the use of a wide range of molecules that can be entrapped or used as dopants. This paper discusses the various surface modifications of the CP that can be employed in order to impart physico-chemical and biological guidance cues that promote cell adhesion/proliferation at the polymer-tissue interface. This ability of the CP to induce various cellular mechanisms widens its applications in medical fields and bioengineering.

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Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Biomedical Applications

Cited by 1,139 publications

References 218 publications

A Dual−Ion Battery Cathode via Oxidative Insertion of Anions in a Metal–Organic Framework

A Dual−Ion Battery Cathode via Oxidative Insertion of Anions in a Metal–Organic Framework

Electrodeposited conductive polymers for controlled drug release: polypyrrole

Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering

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