Electrochromic Systems and the Prospects for Devices

Rosseinsky, David R.; Mortimer, Roger J.

doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200106)13:11<783::aid-adma783>3.0.co;2-d

Cited by 885 publications

(534 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Other uses are based on the combination of electrical properties typical of semiconductors with materials parameters characteristic of polymers, like the development of "plastic" microelectronics [6,10], electrochromic devices [11], tailor-made composite systems [12,13], and "smart" fabrics [14]. The establishment of the physical properties of PANI reflecting the conditions of preparation is thus of fundamental importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer(IUPAC Technical Report)

Stejskal

Gilbert

2002

Pure and Applied Chemistry

1,227

569

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Eight persons from five institutions in different countries carried out polymerizations of aniline following the same preparation protocol. In a "standard" procedure, aniline hydrochloride was oxidized with ammonium peroxydisulfate in aqueous medium at ambient temperature. The yield of polyaniline was higher than 90 % in all cases. The electrical conductivity of polyaniline hydrochloride thus prepared was 4.4 ± 1.7 S cm-1 (average of 59 samples), measured at room temperature. A product with defined electrical properties could be obtained in various laboratories by following the same synthetic procedure. The influence of reduced reaction temperature and increased acidity of the polymerization medium on polyaniline conductivity were also addressed. The conductivity changes occurring during the storage of polyaniline were monitored. The density of polyaniline hydrochloride was 1.329 g cm-3. The average conductivity of corresponding polyaniline bases was 1.4 x108 S cm-1, the density being 1.245 g cm-1. Additional changes in the conductivity take place during storage. Aging is more pronounced in powders than in compressed samples. As far as aging effects are concerned, their assessment is relative. The observed reduction in the conductivity by ~10 % after more than one-year storage is large but, compared with the low conductivity of corresponding polyaniline (PANI) base, such a change is negligible. For most applications, an acceptable level of conductivity may be maintained throughout the expected lifetime.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer(IUPAC Technical Report)

Stejskal

Gilbert

2002

Pure and Applied Chemistry

1,227

569

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“…Due to its structural properties, the electrochemical processes involved in conductivity of P3ATs are very important to understand this system aimed at using it in organic solar cells [2,[7][8][9][10]. Some applications of P3ATs use a tin oxide doped with indium (ITO) as a substrate, making a clear and colorless conductive film on a glass [7,11,12]. The ITO presents appropriate work function value to organic materials, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary study on the electrical and structural properties of poly(3-alkylthiophene) and its copolymers synthesized on ITO by electrochemical impedance and Raman spectroscopy

Bento

Maia

Cervantes

et al. 2014

J Mater Sci: Mater Electron

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Targeting the use of organic conjugated polymers in organic solar cells, this study looks at the electrochemical properties of poly(3-alkylthiophene) films: poly(3-methylthiophene), poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(3-octylthiophene) and its copolymers electrochemically synthesized on a tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to monitor the change in the electrochemical behavior of these films on the ITO and the charge transfer resistance (R CT ) values were determined in open circuit potential (OCP) and at different overpotentials. Together with the EIS, the ex situ and in situ Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the influence of aromatic radical cation and dication species, present in the polymer matrix of homo and copolymers, in the management processes seen in the Nyquist and Bode-phase diagrams for different systems obtained on ITO. The EIS results in OCP showed an decrease in resistance demonstrating increased conductivity with the copolymerization, and through the Bode-phase diagram and the ex situ Raman spectra, these changes were related to the oscillation of the radical cation and dication along the polymer matrix. By studying Nyquist and Bodephase diagrams in the overpotentials, an increase in R CT values in higher potentials was seen that could be related to the bipolaronic process, which after the deconvolution of the in situ Raman spectra, was possible to relate these results to the stabilization of the dication species in the homo and copolymers matrix when subjected to high potential.

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“…The most obvious application would be to use them as electrochromic smart windows. 12 The first prototype laboratory devices of switchable mirrors have been made already. 3,13 Since it is possible to dissolve large quantities of hydrogen in metallic and intermetallic compounds, these materials are also interesting for hydrogen storage applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly absorbing black Mg and rare-earth-Mg switchable mirrors

2004

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Apart from a reflecting and a transparent state, rare-earth-Mg alloys ͑RE-Mg͒ exhibit also a highly absorbing, black state during loading with hydrogen. The occurrence of such a black state is due to the disproportionation into subwavelength size REH 2ϩ⑀ and Mg grains during the first hydrogen loading. While the optical properties of REH x change continuously with a further increase in hydrogen concentration x, Mg changes abruptly from a good reflector to a transparent insulator (MgH 2 ). Thin pure Mg films also show this black state when ͑un͒loaded carefully at elevated temperatures. By using the Bruggeman effective medium approximation in combination with the transfer matrix method it is shown that the coexistence of Mg and MgH 2 grains is the cause of this high absorption. Furthermore, we compare this phenomenon to the high absorption of light observed in metal-dielectric composites.

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Electrochromic Systems and the Prospects for Devices

Cited by 885 publications

References 48 publications

Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer(IUPAC Technical Report)

Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer(IUPAC Technical Report)

Complementary study on the electrical and structural properties of poly(3-alkylthiophene) and its copolymers synthesized on ITO by electrochemical impedance and Raman spectroscopy

Highly absorbing black Mg and rare-earth-Mg switchable mirrors

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