“…This is mainly attributed to its intrinsic low electronic conductivity (∼10 −9 S cm −1 at room temperature [11]) and small Li-ion diffusivity which control the transfer of Li + ions across the LiFePO 4 /FePO 4 interface upon lithium insertion/desertion [12,13]. Such drawback is being overcome by three main approaches, including coatings (such as carbon coating [8][9][10][14][15][16][17][18], ZrO 2 coating [19], TiO 2 coating [20]), heterogeneous doping by metallic elements (such as the partial substitution of Mg, Ti, Cu, Zn, Zr and Nb for Li or Fe of LiFePO 4 [11,13,[21][22][23][24][25][26]) and particle size minimization [15,27,28]. The minimization of the particle size shows a very bright prospect on improving the rate performance of LiFePO 4 at room temperature.…”