Electrochemical Oxidation of Derivatives of Dibenzodiazepin. Dibenzothiazepin and Dibenzoxazepin

Kauffmann, Jean‐Michel; Patriarche, Gaston; Christian, GaryD.

doi:10.1080/00032717908067911

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…12,13 This established sensing modality is furthermore well suited for miniaturization, required for small-volume pointof-care solutions. 14, 15 We have recently presented the application of the catechol-modified chitosan redox cycling system to amplify and detect the electrochemical clozapine signal in undiluted human serum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Study of the Catechol-Modified Chitosan System for Clozapine Treatment Monitoring

Winkler¹,

Ben‐Yoav²,

Chocron³

et al. 2014

Langmuir

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This work presents a thorough electrochemical and reliability analysis of a sensing scheme for the antipsychotic clozapine. We have previously demonstrated a novel detection approach for this redox-active drug, highly effective in schizophrenia treatment, based on a catechol-modified chitosan film. The biomaterial film enables amplification of the oxidative current generated by clozapine through redox cycling. Here, we study critical electrochemical and material aspects of the redox cycling system to overcome barriers in point-of-care monitoring in complex biological samples. Specifically, we explore the electrochemical parameter space, showing that enhanced sensing performance depends on the presence of a reducing mediator as well as the electrochemical technique applied. These factors account for up to 1.75-fold and 2.47-fold signal enhancement, respectively. Looking at potential interferents, we illustrate that the redox cycling system allows for differentiation between selected redox-active species, clozapine's structurally largely analogous metabolite norclozapine as well as the representative catecholamine dopamine. Furthermore, we investigate material stability and fouling with reuse as well as storage. We find no evidence of film fouling due to clozapine; slow overall biomaterial degradation with successive use accounts for a 2.2% absolute signal loss and can be controlled for. Storage of the redox cycling system appears feasible over weeks when kept in solution with only 0.26%/day clozapine signal degradation, while ambient air exposure of three or more days reduces performance by 58%. This study not only advances our understanding of the catechol-modified chitosan system, but also further establishes the viability of applying it toward sensing clozapine in a clinical setting. Such point-of-care monitoring will allow for broader use of clozapine by increasing convenience to patients as well as medical professionals, thus improving the lives of people affected by schizophrenia through personalized medicine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Study of the Catechol-Modified Chitosan System for Clozapine Treatment Monitoring

Winkler¹,

Ben‐Yoav²,

Chocron³

et al. 2014

Langmuir

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“…The LOD and LOQ were estimated as LOD = 3 S B /b and LOQ = 10 S B /b [53], where S B is the standard deviation of the blank and b is the slope of the calibration curve. The estimated values of LOD and LOQ ( Table 2) show an improvement in sensitivity of the proposed SWAdCS voltammetric procedure for quantification of clozapine in bulk and tablets compared to that of the reported [39][40][41][42][43][44] electrochemical methods (LOQ = 1 × 10 −6 to 8 × 10 −9 M).…”

Section: Validation Of the Proposed Analysis Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition, several electrochemical methods have been reported in the literature for determination of clozapine in bulk form and tablets including dc-and differential-pulse polarography [39], differential-pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode [40], linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry at an activated glassy carbon electrode [41], anodic voltammetry at rotating platinum, glassy carbon disk and stationary carbon paste electrodes [42] and a wax-impregnated graphite electrode [43]. The behavior of clozapine was studied by adsorptive anodic voltammetry in order to carry out its direct determination in biological fluids [44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorptive stripping voltammetric quantification of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum at a mercury electrode

Hammam

Tawfik

Ghoneim

2004

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

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“…The electrochemical behavior of CLZ was evaluated, and several polarographic and voltammetric methods have been reported for the electrochemical study of CLZ in literature [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ISS-CILE also showed an improvement in sensitivity compared to the CILE which implies that the redox reaction of CLZ molecules become more facile on the ISS-CILE (Figure 1c (TX-100), 1d (SDS)). Moreover, the ECE mechanism in which the initial oxidation product is chemically transformed to a compound which is more readily oxidized than the parent compound and is the accepted mechanism for electrochemical behavior of CLZ is only detectable at CILE and ISS-CILE from the first scan [49].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids Using an In Situ Surfactant‐Modified Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode

Arvand

Shiraz

2012

Electroanalysis

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A carbon ionic liquid electrode modified in situ with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was developed for the determination of clozapine (CLZ). These studies revealed that the oxidation of CLZ is facilitated at an in situ surfactantmodified carbon ionic liquid electrode (ISS-CILE). After optimization of analytical conditions, the peak currents for CLZ were found to vary linearly with its concentrations in the range of 1 10 À9 -1 10 À7 mol L À1 with a slope of 2.18 mA/mmol L À1 . The LOD and LOQ of the electrode were 2.08 10 À10 mol L À1 and 6.95 10 À10 mol L À1, respectively. The proposed method was employed for the determination of CLZ in pharmaceutical formulations, blood serum and plasma samples without any pretreatment steps.

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Electrochemical Oxidation of Derivatives of Dibenzodiazepin. Dibenzothiazepin and Dibenzoxazepin

Cited by 27 publications

References 6 publications

Electrochemical Study of the Catechol-Modified Chitosan System for Clozapine Treatment Monitoring

Electrochemical Study of the Catechol-Modified Chitosan System for Clozapine Treatment Monitoring

Adsorptive stripping voltammetric quantification of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum at a mercury electrode

Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids Using an In Situ Surfactant‐Modified Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode

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