Electrochemical Oxidation of Astaxanthin on Glassy‐carbon Electrode and its Amperometric Determination Using Batch Injection Analysis (BIA)

Abstract

This work presents the electrochemical oxidation of the antioxidant astaxanthin on a glassy‐carbon electrode (GCE) and its amperometric determination in salmon samples using a batch‐injection analysis (BIA) system. The proposed BIA method consisted of 80‐µL a fast microliter injection of sample at 193 µL s−1 on the GCE immersed in the electrolyte, a mixture of acetone, dichloromethane, and water (80 : 10 : 10 v/v), containing 0.1 mol L−1 HClO4. Advantages include high precision (RSD of 2.4 %), sample throughput of 240 h−1, and low detection limit (0.3 µmol L−1 that corresponds to 0.1 µg g−1) for the analysis of acetone extracts of salmon samples. Recovery values between 83 and 97 % attested the accuracy of the method.

Batch injection analysis in tandem with electrochemical detection: the recent trends and an overview of the latest applications (2015–2020)

“…It was relevant due to the fact that monitored substances did not occur commonly in nature and it was necessary to confirm usability of developed methods in such complex matrices. Because the analyzed environmental samples had significantly different matrices than the pharmaceutical ones, different extraction pretreatments of the sample (maceration, percolation, and extraction liquid–liquid) was required to be performed in several cases prior to the analysis by BIA system [ 33 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 95 ].…”

Electrochemistry as a screening method in determination of carotenoids in crustacean samples used in everyday diet

“…It should be noted that all of these studies have performed experiments in different organic solvents, such as chloroform and acetonitrile. While searching through the literature, to the best of our knowledge, determination of carotenoids, specifically astaxanthin, in animal samples using electrochemistry was only conducted by the batch-injection analysis system on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in a mixed solvent system with methanol:water and it was applied to salmon samples (Oliveira, Tormin, de O. Montes, Richter, & Muñoz, 2016). In previous research (Čižmek & Komorsky-Lovrić, 2019), we have studied the electrochemical behaviour of carotenoid standards (β-carotene, lutein, and astaxanthin) in purely aqueous acidic electrolyte using stripping voltammetry microprobe based on paraffin impregnated graphite electrode (PIGE).…”

Batch Injection Analysis with Amperometric Detection for DNA Biosensing Applications

“…In addition, application of new electrode materials provides improvement on sensitivity and selectivity, resulting in unique advantages for such analytical systems [6]. Glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) [7][8][9][10][11] and boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDDEs) [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] were mostly used electrode materials in BIA for the determination and quantification of many compounds. Other carbon-based electrodes, such as graphite-composite electrode [20], GCE modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes [21,22] or coated with a mercury thin film [23], as well as some metal electrodes, such as gold [24] or copper ones [25], were also successfully tested and applied.…”