Electrochemical Determination of Trace Promethazine Hydrochloride by a Pretreated Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with DNA

Abstract

Phenothiazines are a group of basic drugs that include a phenothiazine ring with different substituents attached at the 2-and 10-position, which are used as anti-psychotics, neuroleptics and antihistamines. 1 Several methods have been applied to detect phenothiazine derivatives, such as spectrophotometry, 2 colorimetry, 3 liquid chromatography (LC) 4 and titrimetry. 5 Promethazine hydrochloride, a prominent compound in the large group of phenothiazine derivatives, is widely used as a therapeutic agent for treating various mental and personality disorder. Daniela et al. 6 have reported the determination of promethazine hydrochloride in a pharmaceutical preparation using a flow-injection spectroelectroanalytical method. Lara et al. 7 utilized a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) technique for the quantitative analysis of three kinds of phenothiazines. The detection limit for promethazine hydrochloride was obtained to be 3.3 μg/mL; DPV and DC techniques were also applied to detect some phenothiazine drugs. 8 The quantification of drugs or drug monitoring based on DNA-drug interactions has been reported. [9][10][11][12] DNA is usually chosen as a surface-modification element because of its high sensitivity, and compatibility with modern micro-fabrication technologies; it is especially promising for rapid detection. 13,14 Measurements of some trace phenothiazine drugs were performed with a DNA-modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) by using a potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) method. DNA-modified CPE permits measurements at low concentration levels of some phenothiazines with an accumulation step. 15 These previous studies suggested that a DNA-modified electrode might provide a very promising basis for determining trace promethazine.In the present work, DNA-modified electrode was assembled by immobilizing dsDNA onto the surface of a pretreated glassy carbon electrode (GCE(ox)). A pair of well-defined reversible redox peaks of promethazine was observed at low potential on the DNA/GCE(ox). The redox peak current was evaluated by using CV and DPV techniques. The signal was about 100-fold higher on DNA/GCE(ox) than that obtained on the DNA/GCE. By means of the redox peak currents of promethazine sensitively responding to the promethazine concentration, DNA/GCE(ox) could be applied to determine trace promethazine. The influence of a glassy carbon electrode pretreatment on the sensitivity of determining promethazine was considered. DNA/GCE(ox) was used to determine promethazine in healthy human serum with satisfactory results. Experimental Apparatus and reagentsElectrochemical measurements were performed with a CHI660A electrochemical analyzer (Shanghai Chenhua Apparatus Corporation, China). Glassy carbon electrodes (diameter 3 mm) and DNA modified glassy carbon electrodes were used as the working electrode, respectively. A platinum auxiliary electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode were used for the measurements.Calf thymus (CT) DNA (Cat. No. D1501) and promethazine hydrochloride (Cat. No. P4651) were purchase...

Electroanalytical Performance of (SiPy+Cl−/CuTsPc)5 LbL Film for Detecting Promethazine Hydrochloride

“…Zucolotto and co-workers [10] showed that DL is equal to 10 10 À5 mol L À1 for the film from polyaniline and iron phthalocyanine tetrasulphonated (PANI/FeTsPc) in the presence of dopamine with a concentration range from 0.25 to 8 mM [30]. The calculated DL and QL values by the proposed procedure were lower than those observed in the quantification of promethazine hydrochloride onto electrodes, such as glassy carbon electrodes [12], graphite powder electrodes modified by ionic liquid [31] and boron-doped diamond electrodes [18], but close to the values found for the glassy carbon electrode modified with deoxyribonucleic acid [32] and DNA-modified carbon paste electrode [33], as can be seen in Table 2. , a = 40 m V,~E s = 2 mV, and concentrations of 3.98 10 À7 and 3.85 10 À6 mol L À1 of PMZ.…”

Immobilization of DNA on a glassy carbon electrode based on Langmuir–Blodgett technique: application to the detection of epinephrine

“…Then, it was treated in 0.10 mol L −1 phosphate buffer (PB) solution (pH 5.0) by applying a potential of +1.75 V for 300 s under constant stirring. Finally, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out in the same solution with a scan potential window between 0.30 and 1.25 V and with a scan rate of 50 mV s −1 until a stable CV profile was obtained [13].…”

“…DNA-modified electrodes can be used as sensitive sensors for small molecules that interact with DNA [12][13][14], but one of the most important problems in electrochemical DNA sensors is the model immobilization of DNA onto electrode surfaces. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method is a convenient tool for designing artificial films with biological roles and has been applied to the fabrication of enzyme sensors [15], biomolecular microphotodiode [16], and biocatalysis membrane [17].…”

Promethazine determination in plasma samples by using carbon paste electrode modified with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP): Coupling of extraction, preconcentration and electrochemical determination

“…Electrochemical methods such as differential pulse polarography [29], voltammetry [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], potentiometry [40,41], and amperometry [42,43], have been widely applied for the determination of promethazine.…”