Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of polyviologen complex modified electrodes

Electrochromic organic and polymeric materials for display applications

“…Improved MV-based systems may be made by retarding the rate at which the radical-cation product of electron transfer diffuses away from the electrode by use of an anionic polyelectrolyte such as poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulfonic acid (polyAMPS) 59,60 or the sulfonated perfluorinated polyether, Nafion ® . 61,62 An alternative approach is the surface modification of an electrode using silanisation methodology, 63 a pre-formed polymeric viologen salt, 64 or oxidative electropolymerization of a pyrrole-substituted viologen 65 ( figure 5) and a pyrrole- In a more recent approach, polyelectrolyte multilayers of poly(butanyl viologen) dibromide (PBV) and poly(styrene sulfonate) sodium salt (PSS) have been prepared 68 using an alternating polyion solution deposition technique. In this technique, the ITO substrate is alternatively exposed to positive and negative polyelectrolytes, with spontaneous polymer deposition via coulombic interactions between surface and polyion of opposite charge.…”

Electrode films of porous agarose impregnated with nafion structural heterogeneity and its effects on electron transport

“…In numerous published reports, polymeric electrode films incorporating electroactive species showed negligible permeability [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. This deficiency demands improvements in the design of the films' physical structure.…”

Optical transduction of chemical sensing by thin films of colour reagents and molecular receptors using piezo-optical and surface plasmon resonance methods

“…POV ditosylate was synthesized by the condensation polymerisation of equimolar quantities of 4,4'-bipyridine with 1,10-ditosyldecane in dry acetonitrile at room temperature. 31,32 The resultant water-soluble polymer was ®ltered off, dried and characterised by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. CPP tetrabromide was prepared according to the procedure of Odell et al 33 by condensation of the p-xylene bis(pyridinium hexa¯uorophosphate) salt with 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene in dry acetonitrile at re¯ux for 24 h. The resulting yellow precipitate was ®ltered off and puri®ed by column chromatography [silica gel; CH 3 OH±water±saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (6:4:1)] followed by recrystallisation from methanol.…”

“…31 The resulting precipitate aggregated and settled to the base of the reaction vessel whereupon the supernatant liquid was decanted and the precipitate repeatedly washed with water. Solutions of the POV±PSS complex were prepared by sonication of the material at 50³C in 1,4-dioxane±concentrated HCl-water (10:9:1).…”