Electrochromic organic and polymeric materials for display applications

Abstract

An electrochromic material is one where a reversible color change takes place upon reduction (gain of electrons) or oxidation (loss of electrons), on passage of electrical current after the application of an appropriate electrode potential. In this review the general field of electrochromism is introduced, with coverage of the types, applications, and chemical classes of electrochromic materials and the experimental methods that are used in their study. The main classes of electrochromic organic and polymeric materials are then surveyed, with descriptions of representative examples based on transition metal coordination complexes, viologen systems, and conducting polymers. Examples of the application of such organic and polymeric electrochromic materials in electrochromic displays are given.

EC-AFM investigation of reversible volume changes with electrode potential in polyaniline

“…Since their discovery conducting polymers (CPs), have emerged as an important class of transducer materials with applications in sensing, display, and electronic devices [1][2][3]. Among these polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most important owing to its stability, easy synthesis and optical properties.…”

Heat resistant polymer electrolyte for enhanced organic electrochromic windows based on poly (3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine)

“…The example of radical-cation/radical-cation coupling is illustrated in Figure 1 cation/radical-cation coupling [28].…”

“…However, this would also be triggered in daylight, resulting in an unwanted darkening of the mirror. This problem is avoided by a second forward-looking detector, which, on seeing daylight, is programed to cancel any operation of the controlling sensor, which therefore only responds at night [28].…”

Effects of Sputter Parameters on Electrochromic Properties of Tungsten Oxide Thin Films Grown by RF Sputtering

“…These features provide the basis for their applications in smart windows, reflectance variable mirrors, and information displays. [4][5][6] It is widely accepted that the electrochromic phenomenon of WO 3 is due to the formation of tungsten bronze (M x WO 3 ) according to the following equation:…”