Electrochemical Analysis of Antipsychotics

Abstract

Introduction: Schizophrenia is seizures accompanied by severe psychotic symptoms, and a steady state of continuation in the form of periods of stagnation. Antipsychotics are now the basis of treatment for schizophrenia and there is no other molecule that is antipsychotic priority in treatment. Antipsychotics can be classified into two groups; dopamine receptor antagonists such as promazine, fluphenazine etc. and serotonin-dopamine antagonists including risperidone, olanzapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole etc. Materials and Methods: Electrochemical methods have been used for the determination of antipsychotic agent just as used in the determination of many drug agents. Nearly all of the antipsychotics are electroactive and can be analyzed by electrochemical methods. Electroanalytical methods offer generally high sensitivity, are compatible with modern techniques, have low cost, low requirements, and compact design. Among the most commonly used types, there are cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry. Conclusion: The aim of this review is to evaluate the main line and the advantages and uses of electroanalytical methods that employed for the determination of antipsychotic medication agents used in schizophrenia. Moreover, applications of the methods to pharmaceutical analysis of Antipsychotics upto- date is also summarized in a table.

Nanomaterial interfaces designed with different biorecognition elements for biosensing of key foodborne pathogens

“…The requirement for fluorescent labeling and the inability to perform dynamic analysis are disadvantages for QDs‐based fluorescent biosensors. Moreover, QDs have low stability, easy aggregation, and difficult to control size of the particles (Karadurmus et al., 2021). To overcome these disadvantages, combining QDs with other nanomaterials is an intriguing option.…”

Perspective—Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitters and Psychiatrics: Steps toward Physiological Mental Health Monitoring

“…These medications, often called psychotropic drugs, affect the way in which receptors, transporters, and enzymes function in the body. 34 Electrochemical sensors have been developed for 35 antipsychotics, [36][37][38][39][40][41][42] anti-anxiety medications, 35 antidepressants [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] and the mood stabilizer lithium. 51 However, electrochemical detection can be difficult because without sample preparation, there are often interfering signals.…”

“…52 There are a number of different antipsychotics; their electroactive nature enables their detection, which has been extensively reviewed. 42 In a recent example, a glassy carbon electrode modified with tannic acid and carbon nanotubes was used to detect the common antipsychotic clozapine. Their sensor had a limit of detection of 0.55 nM, a linear range of 55 nM-375 nM and was functional in serum and urine samples.…”

Olanzapin'in İndirgenme Davranışının İncelenmesi ve İlaçlar ile İnsan İdrarında Diferansiyel puls Tekniği ile Tayini

“…There are also electroanalytical techniques such as potentiometry (Rouhani & Soleymanpour, 2019), amperometry with HPLC (Raggi et al, 2000), and voltammetry. Voltammetric methods are used for the determination of many antipsychotics including olanzapine (Karadurmus et al, 2019;Kul, 2019), the oxidative behavior of olanzapine with modified electrodes (Azab & Amany, 2019;Behzad et al, 2016;Ahmed et al, 2015;Shahrokhian et al, 2014;El Shal, 2013;Mashhadizadeh & Afshar, 2012;Merli et al, 2012), and the oxidative behavior of olanzapine on a glassy carbon electrode (Yılmaz et al, 2017;Biryol & Erk, 2013). However, an electroreduction study of olanzapine has not yet been reported.…”