Electro-chemo-mechanical deformation properties of polypyrrole/dodecylbenzenesulfate linear actuators in aqueous and organic electrolyte

Kivilo, Alo; Zondaka, Zane; Kesküla, Arko; Rasti, Pejman; Tamm, Tarmo

doi:10.1039/c6ra20766a

Cited by 30 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In addition, the shape of the strain response curves was different for the two films – the strain curve of PPy–PEO/DBS films in LiTFSI(PC) solution looks more triangular whereas in aqueous solution looks more like a rectangle with the strain plateauing after 30 s. Obviously, the ion transport in LiTFSI(aq) (determined by the rate of solvated Li + ions diffusion) is significantly faster than that in LiTFSI(PC), where TFSI − anions diffusion is slower in compensating the charge on the PPy chains. These results agree well with a previous research on pristine PPy/DBS in LiTFSI(aq) and PC electrolytes . In addition to the effect of PEO enhancing Li + transport, it is likely that, to some extent at least, in LiTFSI(PC) solution the polymer structure collapses upon reduction, as the anions leave.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In case of PPy–PEO/DBS [Figure (b)] and PPy/DBS [Supporting Information, Figure S1(b)] films actuated in LiTFSI(PC) electrolyte, the peak of fluorine at 0.68 keV (from TFSI − ) is more significant. In LiTFSI(PC) of PPy–PEO/DBS films, the fluoride peak increases after oxidation, similarly to the case of PPy/DBS films . The intensities of the oxygen and sulfur peaks also increase on oxidation, which relates to the oxygen and sulfur in TFSI anions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Effects of solvents on PPy/DBS have been studied and it was shown that a cation‐driven actuation changes to anion‐driven actuation when the solvent is changed from aqueous to aprotic – such as propylene carbonate or acetonitrile. The reason for this behavior relies mainly in the insufficient ionizing power of the organic solvents, leading to un‐dissociated ion pairs (like Li‐DBS), which means that other anions have to be incorporated to compensate the positive charge of the polymer chains upon oxidation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of solvent on linear polypyrrole–polyethylene oxide actuators

Khadka

Zondaka

Kesküla

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Ionic conductivity of polypyrrole (PPy) doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) was improved by loading of 10 wt % of polyethylene oxide (PEO). The linear actuation properties of PPy-PEO/DBS films were investigated and compared in polar (aqueous) and aprotic (propylene carbonate) solvents keeping the concentration of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) electrolyte the same. The results were compared to those of pristine PPy/DBS films. The actuation direction changed from pure cation-driven in the aqueous electrolyte (LiTFSI(aq)) to anion-driven in propylene carbonate electrolyte (LiTFSI(PC)). At the same time, the electrochemo-mechanical deformation revealed that the strain of PPy-PEO/DBS increased from 5% in LiTFSI(aq) to 20% in LiTFSI(PC). The effect of solvent on the ionic conductivity was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, showing a 27% increase in charge transfer kinetics and an increase in the electronic conductivity, resulting in significant increase in the strain rate, when propylene carbonate electrolyte was used.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of solvent on linear polypyrrole–polyethylene oxide actuators

Khadka

Zondaka

Kesküla

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The PEDOT:PSS-semi-IPN trilayers (thickness 12.7 m) were prepared with dimensions of 1.3 cm × 0.1 cm (mass: 91 ± 8 g) and 0.7 cm × 0.1 cm (mass: 49 ± 4 g) for measurements in LiTFSI-PC and LiTFSI-aq electrolyte, respectively. The trilayers were clamped onto an ECMD setup [31] and connected as a single working electrode, with Pt used as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) as the reference electrode in 0.2 M LiTFSI aqueous or propylene carbonate solution. Cyclic voltammetry measurements (scan rate 5 mV s −1 ) and the application of square-wave potential steps in the voltage range 0.65 V to −0.6 V at frequencies 0.0025 Hz-0.1 Hz were carried out under isotonic ECMD measurement conditions (constant force of 4.9 mN).…”

Section: Ecmd Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thin ink-jet printed trilayer actuators composed of PEDOT:PSS on interpenetrating polymer networks

Põldsalu

Rohtlaid

Nguyen

et al. 2018

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

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Mass production of conducting polymer actuators with reliable performance is envisaged in the field of artificial muscles. In this study, inkjet printing and spin coating-two established technologies for large-scale production-were combined for microactuator fabrication. Actuators based on poly(3,4ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) electrodes (PEDOT:PSS, 2.2 m thick, 190 S cm −1), which were inkjet-printed onto a spin-coated membrane of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) thin film composed of nitrile butadiene rubber and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEDOT:PSS-IPN-PEDOT:PSS) with a total thickness of 12.7 m, were prepared and studied. Our goal was to investigate the performance of the trilayers in linear actuation, in aqueous and organic (propylene carbonate) solutions of bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI) used as electrolytes, and in bending actuation in air using an ionic liquid as the electrolyte. Electro-chemo-mechanical deformation (ECMD) measurements were consistent with electrochemical measurements showing a strain of 3% in aqueous electrolyte and 1% in propylene carbonate. A strain of 0.14% in the bending mode in the ionic liquid was observed due to electric double layer charging, while in electrolyte solutions, redox reactions determined the linear actuation properties. In the aqueous electrolyte, a specific capacitance of 193 F g −1 was measured for the printed PEDOT:PSS films, with potential for applications in supercapacitors.

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“…The CFS-PPy/TF sample (inset of Fig 1C) shows a diameter in range of 2.5 μm. The SEM images of PPy/DBS and PPy/TF free standing films, S1B and S1C Fig, revealed the typical PPy morphology seen before [37,38], with a dense cross section (inset of S1B and S1C Fig). Table 1 present both, conductivities and thicknesses of the dry samples, as well as those of the free standing PPy/DBS and PPy/TF films.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 96%

Concept of an artificial muscle design on polypyrrole nanofiber scaffolds

et al. 2020

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Here we present the synthesis and characterization of two new conducting materials having a high electro-chemo-mechanical activity for possible applications as artificial muscles or soft smart actuators in biomimetic structures. Glucose-gelatin nanofiber scaffolds (CFS) were coated with polypyrrole (PPy) first by chemical polymerization followed by electrochemical polymerization doped with dodecylbenzensulfonate (DBS-) forming CFS-PPy/ DBS films, or with trifluoromethanesulfonate (CF 3 SO 3-, TF) giving CFS-PPy/TF films. The composition, electronic and ionic conductivity of the materials were determined using different techniques. The electro-chemo-mechanical characterization of the films was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and square wave potential steps in bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium solutions of propylene carbonate (LiTFSI-PC). Linear actuation of the CFS-PPy/DBS material exhibited 20% of strain variation with a stress of 0.14 MPa, rather similar to skeletal muscles. After 1000 cycles, the creeping effect was as low as 0,2% having a good long-term stability showing a strain variation per cycle of-1.8% (after 1000 cycles). Those material properties are excellent for future technological applications as artificial muscles, batteries, smart membranes, and so on.

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Electro-chemo-mechanical deformation properties of polypyrrole/dodecylbenzenesulfate linear actuators in aqueous and organic electrolyte

Abstract: The immobilization of dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS−) in polypyrrole (PPy) during electropolymerization is typically expected to lead to cation-driven activity. Here we demonstrate that the actuation direction changed by using same electrolyte but different solvent.

Cited by 30 publications

References 30 publications

Influence of solvent on linear polypyrrole–polyethylene oxide actuators

Influence of solvent on linear polypyrrole–polyethylene oxide actuators

Thin ink-jet printed trilayer actuators composed of PEDOT:PSS on interpenetrating polymer networks

Concept of an artificial muscle design on polypyrrole nanofiber scaffolds

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