Electrification of a Compact Agricultural Tractor: A Successful Case Study

Dalboni, Matteo; Santarelli, Paolo; Patroncini, Paolo; Soldati, Alessandro; Concari, Carlo; Lusignani, Davide

doi:10.1109/itec.2019.8790496

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A simple rule-based power management strategy was chosen. The adopted rules are derived from the ones used in [14] and [15]. However, contrary to [15], a speed-independent EM torque is used for battery charging, instead of setting it to achieve the maximum ICE efficiency for the given speed.…”

Section: Power Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the manufacturers' increasing interest, the research on agricultural machinery electrification is still at the beginning. In literature, some papers have already investigated the technical feasibility of hybrid electric tractors [10], [11], [12], and few of them have reported evaluations of operating costs too, mainly in terms of annual fuel savings [13], [14], [15]. Nevertheless, the total cost of ownership, also known as Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of hybrid electric tractors, received little attention, although the topic has been studied for full-electric farming vehicles [16], [17], [18], [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis

et al. 2022

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In recent years electrification of agricultural machinery vehicles is gaining interest from the manufacturers point of view to meet the emission reduction targets set by several authorities. Some studies have already investigated the topic, however, none of them have dealt with the challenges of agricultural machinery electrification in a general and methodical way. This paper presents a method to evaluate the economic feasibility of tractor powertrain electrification based on life cycle cost analysis. For a parallel hybrid, the best combustion engine downsizing, among some discrete values, was evaluated. The methodology was applied to three case studies with different power levels and operating cycles: a 76 kW orchard tractor, a 175 kW row crop tractor with medium duty use, and a 210 kW row crop tractor with heavy duty use. Fuel and electrical energy consumption were estimated through simulation. A range of powertrain components prices and fuel and electrical energy prices was taken into account, in order to cover price uncertainty and to show its effects. The results show that operating cost savings decrease when more power-intensive operations are performed. Considering a combination of system and energy prices deemed realistic by the authors, the operating cost savings, respectively for orchard, row crop medium duty, and row crop heavy duty, are approximately 8%, 3%, and 0.5%, which result in 6%, 1%, and 0.1% life cycle cost savings. Thus, powertrain electrification of high-power tractors should probably be avoided.

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Section: Power Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis

et al. 2022

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“…Fig. 6 shows specifically the parallel powertrain investigated in [42] and [43]. In both papers, the electrification of a compact agricultural tractor for orchards and vineyards was faced.…”

Section: Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrification of Agricultural Machinery: A Review

et al. 2021

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Today, agriculture industry has a significant impact in global greenhouse gas emissions. A large amount of pollutants come from diesel internal combustion engines, widely used in agricultural machinery. Since mechanization in agriculture is fundamental to achieve a proper food production for a growing human population, changes are needed in common agriculture engineering thinking in order to develop new farming machinery that could outperform conventional ones in terms of environmental impact, as well as performance, productivity and safety. Electrification is a feasible solution. A comprehensive review about agricultural machinery electrification is reported in this paper, with a particular focus on hybrid electric tractors and their implements. The introduction of electric drives in farming tractors is discussed in detail by looking at the main findings in literature and considering state-of-the-art technology. Proposals and prototypes from manufacturers are covered too, as well as economic assessments and future trends.

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“…In this regard, Refs. [17][18][19] investigated the electrification of agricultural tractors, but each one used different duty cycles, without mentioning anything about the DLG Power Mix or the AG Tract Drive cycle (Figure 2).…”

Section: Duty Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of this trend include the various projects on the hybridization of compact agricultural tractors [18,19,136,137], where the main objectives are the possibility of downsizing the ICE and addition a pure electric mode, which could be useful for less demanding tasks or for use inside greenhouses. However, even if there are some cases of hybrid compact vehicles below 56 kW, like the hybrid skid loader studied in [20,21], their higher efficiency does not justify their higher upfront cost.…”

Section: Hybrid Vehicles and Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrification of Compact Off-Highway Vehicles—Overview of the Current State of the Art and Trends

et al. 2021

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Electrified vehicles have undergone great evolution during the last decade because of the increasing attention paid on environmental sustainability, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Emission regulations are becoming increasingly tight, and governments have been allocating multiple funds to facilitate the spreading of the so-called green mobility. In this context, steering towards electrified solutions not only for passenger vehicles, but also for compact off-highway vehicles extensively employed, for instance, on construction sites located in urban areas, warehouses, and greenhouses, is essential even if seldom considered. Moreover, the electrification of compact off-highway machinery may allow manufacturers to increase their expertise in and lower the costs of these alternative solutions, while gathering useful data to be applied in bigger and more remunerative off-highway vehicles. In fact, while electric automobiles are as of now real alternatives for buyers, off-highway vehicles, regardless of the application, are mostly in the research and experimental phase, with few of them already on the market. This delay, in comparison with the passenger automotive industry, is caused by different factors, mostly related to the different tasks of off-highway vehicles in terms of duty cycles, productivity performance parameters and user acceptability. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the many aspects of the electrification of compact off-highway vehicles, to highlight the key differences between on-highway and off-highway vehicles and to summarize in a single source of information the multiple solutions investigated by researchers and manufacturers.

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Electrification of a Compact Agricultural Tractor: A Successful Case Study

Cited by 23 publications

References 14 publications

Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Electrification of Agricultural Machinery: A Review

Electrification of Compact Off-Highway Vehicles—Overview of the Current State of the Art and Trends

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