Electrification of Compact Off-Highway Vehicles—Overview of the Current State of the Art and Trends

Beltrami, Daniele; Iora, Paolo; Tribioli, Laura; Uberti, Stefano

doi:10.3390/en14175565

Cited by 23 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…1 These EHUs are commonly used in recently developed electric ORVs. 2 EHU energy efficiency is crucial for working time per battery charge in electric ORVs, but compact EHU architectures are also necessary due to spatial requirements. Finken et al 3 studied different EM architectures for a hybrid electric vehicle application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design methodology for an integrated axial piston-type electrohydraulic unit

Sarode

Shang

Vacca

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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This paper proposes a design methodology for power-dense and high-efficient electrohydraulic units (EHUs) that can be used to select design specifications for the electric machine (EM) for a given hydraulic machine (HM) architecture. The proposed method evaluates EHU performance considering both electric and hydraulic power losses. The compactness of the EHU is achieved by integrating an axial piston unit as HM inside a permanent magnet EM. The paper provides a sensitivity analysis for important EHU design specifications and discusses the best choices for reducing total mass and energy loss. The study finds that greater aspect ratios promote power-to-weight ratio, while high voltage promotes energy efficiency. The paper also discusses the choice of fixed versus variable displacement HMs, with the finding that a variable displacement unit helps address low efficiency limits of low-speed operation, particularly for low voltage electric machines. Additionally, variable displacement can also be used to reduce EM losses when meeting a flow-pressure demand. The proposed methodology has applications in fields such as off-road vehicles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design methodology for an integrated axial piston-type electrohydraulic unit

Sarode

Shang

Vacca

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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“…Today, road vehicles operating with lithium-ion batteries, either partially (hybrid) or fully (rechargeable), have become more and more common [1][2][3]. The "spread" of electric passenger cars has also been propelled by the increase in battery capacity, which has changed significantly since 2010 [4][5][6]. Increasingly stringent emission standards will further accelerate this "spread" process [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Fault Identification and Localization Procedure for Lithium-Ion Battery System of Electric Vehicles Based on Real Measurement Data

Szürke¹,

Sütheö²,

Apagyi³

et al. 2022

Algorithms

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Vehicle safety risk can be decreased by diagnosing the lithium-ion battery system of electric road vehicles. Real-time cell diagnostics can avoid unexpected occurrences. However, lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles can significantly differ in design, capacity, and chemical composition. In addition, the battery monitoring systems of the various vehicles are also diverse, so communication across the board is not available or can only be achieved with significant difficulty. Hence, unique type-dependent data queries and filtering are necessary in most cases. In this paper, a Volkswagen e-Golf electric vehicle is investigated; communication with the vehicle was implemented via an onboard diagnostic port (so-called OBD), and the data stream was recorded. The goal of the research is principally to filter out, identify, and localize defective/weak battery cells. Numerous test cycles (constant and dynamic measurements) were carried out to identify cell abnormalities (so-called deviations). A query and data filtering process was designed to detect defective battery cells. The fault detection procedure is based on several cell voltage interruptions at various loading levels. The methodology demonstrated in this article uses a fault diagnosis technique based on voltage abnormalities. In addition, it employs a hybrid algorithm that executes calculations on measurement and recorded data. In the evaluation, a status line comprising three different categories was obtained by parametrizing and prioritizing (weighting) the individual measured values. It allows the cells to be divided into the categories green (adequate region), yellow (to be monitored), and red (possible error). In addition, several querying strategies were developed accordingly to clarify and validate the measurement results. The several strategies were examined individually and analyzed for their strengths and weaknesses. Based on the results, a data collection, processing, and evaluation strategy for an electric vehicle battery system have been developed. The advantage of the developed algorithm is that the method can be adapted to any electric or hybrid vehicle battery.

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“…Heavy-duty vehicles cover a wide and heterogeneous class of vehicles [1], including but not limited to agricultural tractors, street sweepers, forklifts and construction vehicles. Therefore, they cannot be studied as a single category, in order to exploit their potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 MathWorks, Portola Valley, California, United States. on experimental data collected at the test bench.…”

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confidence: 99%