Electrically stimulated 3D bioprinting of gelatin-polypyrrole hydrogel with dynamic semi-IPN network induces osteogenesis via collective signaling and immunopolarization

Recent advances in GelMA hydrogel transplantation for musculoskeletal disorders and related disease treatment

“…In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular biology, there has been an increase in research into the mechanisms by which bioengineered GelMA-based materials respond by interfering with multiple targets and pathways in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. For instance, Dutta et al 169 constructed GelMA-PPy bioink by 3D bioprinting and demonstrated by transcriptome analysis that hBMSCs highly express NOTCH/MAPK/SMAD signalling while downregulating the Wnt/β-Catenin signalling pathway to promote osteogenesis (Figure 12 A). Wang et al 170 developed a reduced glutathione-grafted gelatin methacrylate (GelMA-g-GSH) antioxidant hydrogel by 3D printing technology to treat diabetic bone defects, which not only scavenges ROS but also activates the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway to promote osteogenesis and accelerate bone repair (Figure 12 B).…”

Stimuli-responsive dynamic hydrogels: design, properties and tissue engineering applications

“…119 To enhance the biofunctionality of the hydrogel, Dutta et al developed an electroactive 3-D hydrogel based on PPy-grafted methacrylated gelatin and stimulated the cells with microcurrent, showing that electrostimulation enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of cells. 120 On the other hand, PANI-based electro-responsive hydrogels were also been developed as PANI possesses good tunable conductivity, thermal stability, and acceptable biocompatibility. 121 However, the use of PANI is often limited by the rigid molecular structure and brittleness.…”

Synthesis and application of polypyrrole nanofibers: a review

“…With the development of technologies such as toughening hydrogel, biodegradable polymers, biomimetics, and 3D printing, PPy nanofibers could find a wide range of applications in tissue engineering, as numerous studies have been carried out recently. 57–60…”