The rapid detection of agents, toxins, and disease markers is beyond the scope of traditional sampling and detection methods; however, it is possible to solve this problem using biosensors. 1 Aptamers are short fragments of oligonucleotides, peptides, and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), which, specifically and with high affinity, bind to various biological, organic, and inorganic targets. 2 Aptamers act like pharmaceutical analogues for monoclonal antibodies and have high binding affinity with target molecules. They also have high potential for sensitive and accurate detection. 3 Over the past two decades, nano-biosensors have been widely used in various research and applied fields, including tracking bio-terrorist attacks, clinical diagnoses, drug discovery, human health development, and bio-research, increasingly consolidating their position. The important parts of biosensors include the bio-receptor, signal transducer, signal amplifier, and processor (Figure 1). Biosensors are highly diverse. An aptamer used in a bio-receptor is called an aptasensor, and it is called a nanoaptasensor if nano-methods and nano-materials are used in the construction of the aptasensor. 4-9 A Quick Review of Detection Methods Detection and measurement methods can be divided into three groups: traditional, novel, and hybrid. Traditional methods are based on the biological activity of an analyte or its physiological effects on living cells or animals and include methods of investigating animal behavior, animal feeding, 10 physiological responses, 11 the use of cell culture, and immunological methods. 12 Novel methods include radio immunoassay, immunodiffusion, ELISA, ELISA-ALIKA, PCR, etc. 13 These methods are not optimal now and have many shortcomings, e.g., low detection potential, high cost, complicated procedures, long processing times, and the need for space and skilled personnel. 3,14 Recently, more accurate and simpler sensing methods have emerged with advancements made in other fields and the scientific convergence created in the form of interdisciplinary sciences. 15,16 Biosensors (Definitions and History) A biosensor is a tool that uses specific biochemical interactions to measure an analyte. This reaction results in the production of a signal; if recorded, amplified, and read, the analyte can be tracked and measured (Figure 1). 17 The use of canaries by miners to detect contamination or lethal doses of carbon monoxide in mines is considered as the first application of biosensors. The idea of using a sensor to measure human bioanalytes was raised in the early twentieth century, but electrodes or probes were used until the 1970s. The first generation of biosensors measured analytes such as sugar in