“…Moreover, pre-election opinion polling is not nearly as prevalent in SSA as in OECD countries, it is often plagued by measurement challenges and controversy (e.g., Heath, Fisher, and Smith 2005), and it is rarely conducted in diaspora communities. Thus, given low political information, prior electoral results are often the strongest signal available to incumbent parties (Eibl andLynge-Mangueira 2017, Somer-Topcu 2009). Where diaspora voter turnout results by party are available (n=47), I code Diaspora Support as equal to 2 for cases where the majority of the diaspora voted for incumbent party in the prior election and 0 in cases where the majority of diaspora voters supported the opposition.…”