Elderly Israelis and their family members meanings towards euthanasia.

Concept Analysis of Good Death in the Japanese Community

“…Across the four disciplines 20 surrogate terms for good death were identified: peaceful death (Cotney, 2004; Hanson, Henderson, & Menon, 2002; Hart, Sainsbury, & Short, 2000; Long, 2003); natural death (Counts & Counts, 2004; Long, 2003; Pool, 2004); appropriate death (Leichtentritt & Retting, 2000; Mak & Clinton, 1999); healthy death (Evans & Walsh, 2002; Mak, 2001); happy death (Mak & Clinton, 1999; Seale & Geest, 2004); beautiful death (McNamara, 2004; Walter, 2003); correct death (Mak & Clinton, 1999); good ending (Mak & Clinton, 1999); good close (Mak & Clinton, 1999); good completion (Mak & Clinton, 1999); the best death (Vig, Davenport, & Pearlman, 2002); dignified death (Feinmann, 2002); socially approved death (Hart et al, 1998); resigned death (Hart et al, 1998); accepting death (Hart et al, 1998); quick painless death (Long, 2004); sudden death (Long, 2001); gradual death (Lock, 2001); meaningful death (Long, 2004); and smooth death (Seale & Geest, 2004).…”

“…Sociocultural norms First, the concept of good death is formed by sociocultural norms. Such norms include the cultural and historical values of death and dying (Hart et al, 1998; Leichtentritt & Retting, 2000; Leichtentritt & Retting, 2001; Lloyd, 2000; Long, 2001; Long, 2003; Long, 2004; McNamara, 2004; McNamara, Waddell & Colvin, 1995; Mak & Clinton, 2002; Tachikawa, 1995; Walter 2003), political influences (Leichtentritt & Retting, 2001), and religious tenets (Jones & Willis, 2003; Long, 2001; Walter, 2003). The cultural and historical values include whether the dying person and family see death and dying negatively or positively.…”

“…Authors in all four disciplines emphasized that freedom from pain and other symptoms are the priority for achieving a good death (Hanson et al, 2002; Leichtentritt & Retting, 2000; Long, 2001; Long, 2003; Mak & Clinton, 1999; McNamara, 2004; Pool, 2004; Sandman, 2002; Steinhauser et al, 2000; Vig et al, 2002). Portrayals of bad death usually included inadequate analgesia during cure‐centered therapies that were perceived as too aggressive (Steinhauser et al, 2000).…”

“…Many patients have died with minimal autonomy and control over the dying process because the highest priority in the past few decades has been medical advancements and the goal of saving life. A natural way of dying includes the following: the dying person's autonomy and control over the place of death (Beresford, 1997; Cameron, 2002; Evans & Walsh, 2002; Leichtentritt & Retting, 2000; Long, 2003; Long, 2004; Mak & Clinton, 1999; Pool, 2004; Sandman, 2002; Tachikawa, 1995; Thoresen, 2003); the age at death (Leichtentritt & Retting, 2000); and the timing of death (Beresford, 1997; Cameron, 2002; Counts & Counts, 2004; Pool, 2004; Tachikawa, 1995).…”

“…Research has shown that dying people desire to keep control over their physical and mental well‐being until death occurs. Having control of pain and suffering (Hart et al, 1998; Mak, 2001; Pool, 2004; Vig et al, 2002) and control of emotions (Hart et al, 1998; Leichtentritt & Retting, 2000; Prigerson et al, 2003) are two major concerns of dying patients. To conduct advance care planning, control of physical and mental status is indispensable.…”