Elaiophores in three Neotropical Malpighiaceae species: a comparative study

Possobom, Clívia Carolina Fiorilo; Machado, Sílvia Rodrigues

doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1443-6

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The presence of phenolic compounds detected in Acridocarpus glands, is a common feature of secretory tissues [64], and has also been reported for leaf nectaries [47, 54, 65] and elaiophores of Neotropical species of Malpighiaceae [44, 46, 47]. These compounds may provide chemical protection against herbivore attacks [63, 66].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…[12]. In contrast, the elaiophore secretion starts to accumulate in the young bud stage and increases until pollinator gathering in the anthesis stage [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An interesting similarity to note between nectaries and elaiophores, that the secretion is accumulate in the subcuticular space [44–56]. In Neotropical species of Malpighiaceae, as a consequence of a natural process of secretion release or because of the collection behavior of oil-bees [46], the elaiophore secretion is often exposed because the cuticle rupture; this type of damage is commonly reported [44, 46, 50, 53, 55]. However, no ruptured cuticles, pores, or any damage caused by secretion consumers were observed in any glands of Acridocarpus analyzed, even in the herbarium material.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional role and evolutionary contributions of floral gland morphoanatomy in the Paleotropical genus Acridocarpus (Malpighiaceae)

2019

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The stereotyped floral morphology of Neotropical Malpighiaceae species—zygomorphic and calyx with oil glands—is correlated with oil-bee pollination. In contrast, the floral trends of the Paleotropical lineages are actinomorphy and lack of calyx glands, probably due to the absence of oil-collecting bees. The Paleotropical genus Acridocarpus is an exception because of its zygomorphic, gland-bearing flowers. Glands throughout Acridocarpus inflorescences were morphoanatomically evaluated to verify the occurrence of patterns related to species and geographic distribution. Herbarium (25 species) and fresh samples of A. longifolius were processed according to standard anatomical techniques. To verify the presence of glucose and protein, strip tests were applied to the exudate. Fresh samples were fixed and submitted to histochemical tests. Based on the occurrence, number and placement of glands, three distribution patterns were recognized on the bracteole and ten on the calyx. Bract, bracteole and sepal glands have a typical nectary structure with a palisade-like epidermis and vascularized parenchyma. Glands were classified as short-stalked, sessile or immersed. Histochemical tests performed on bract and sepal glands of A. longifolius were positive for proteins, polysaccharides and phenolic compounds, and negative for oil compounds. Glucose and protein were detected in the exudate. These results allow us to recognize the glands in Acridocarpus inflorescences as nectaries. This comprehensive morphoanatomical study helps to clarify the correlation between patterns of floral morphology and secretion consumers, as well as to better understand floral evolution in Malpighiaceae across their dispersal events.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…[12]. In contrast, the elaiophore secretion starts to accumulate in the young bud stage and increases until pollinator gathering in the anthesis stage [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional role and evolutionary contributions of floral gland morphoanatomy in the Paleotropical genus Acridocarpus (Malpighiaceae)

2019

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“…In plants, clear and unambiguous associations between ER and plastid envelope (Crotty and Ledbetter 1973;Cran and Dyer 1973;Benayoun and Fahn 1979;Cheniclet and Carde 1985;McLean et al 1988;Whatley et al 1991;Holzinger et al 2007a), ER and mitochondrial outer membrane (Franke and Kartenbeck 1971;Morré et al 1971), ER and plasmalemma (Cran and Dyer 1973;Robards and Stark 1988), ER and peroxisomes (Cran and Dyer 1973), mitochondria and plastid (Maier and Maier 1968;Montes and Bradbeer 1976;Miyake et al 1985;Holzinger et al 2007a, b;Szczepanik and Sowinski 2014), and plasmalemma and nuclear envelope (Carothers 1972) were documented in different tissues and cells. Regarding secretory structures, juxtaposition of ER with the outer membrane envelope of secretory plastids, named periplastidial reticulum (PR), and continuity of PR and the plasmalemma has been described in glands producing oils and resin (Fahn 1979;Bosabalidis and Tsekos 1982;Cheniclet and Carde 1985;Rodrigues et al 2011;Guo et al 2013;Possobom and Machado 2017). Investigations on membrane connections and interactions between organelles provide explanation of how transfer and exchange between cell components could be facilitated (Lee et al 2012;Mehrshahi et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural associations between organelle membranes in nectary parenchyma cells

Machado

Gregório

Rodrigues

2018

Planta

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The close association between membranes and organelles, and the intense chloroplast remodeling in parenchyma cells of extrafloral nectaries occurred only at the secretion time and suggest a relationship with the nectar secretion. Associations between membranes and organelles have been well documented in different tissues and cells of plants, but poorly explored in secretory cells. Here, we described the close physical juxtaposition between membranes and organelles, mainly with chloroplasts, in parenchyma cells of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaeceae) extrafloral nectaries under transmission electron microscopy, using conventional and microwave fixation. At the time of nectar secretion, nectary parenchyma cells exhibit a multitude of different organelle and membrane associations as mitochondria-mitochondria, mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria-chloroplast, chloroplast-nuclear envelope, mitochondria-nuclear envelope, chloroplast-plasmalemma, chloroplast-chloroplast, chloroplast-tonoplast, chloroplast-peroxisome, and mitochondria-peroxisome. These associations were visualized as amorphous electron-dense material, a network of dense fibrillar material and/or dense bridges. Chloroplasts exhibited protrusions variable in shape and extension, which bring them closer to each other and to plasmalemma, tonoplast, and nuclear envelope. Parenchyma cells in the pre- and post-secretory stages did not exhibit any association or juxtaposition of membranes and organelles, and chloroplast protrusions were absent. Chloroplasts had peripheral reticulum that was more developed in the secretory stage. We propose that such subcellular phenomena during the time of nectar secretion optimize the movement of signaling molecules and the exchange of metabolites. Our results open new avenues on the potential mechanisms of organelle contact in parenchyma nectary cells, and reveal new attributes of the secretory cells on the subcellular level.

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“…This data is compatible with the predominance of elaioplasts in the nectary parenchyma cells at 48 h of anthesis, when most of amyloplasts are degenerated and nectar secretion has already stopped. Plastid change occurred simultaneously with the increase in the amount of oil drops inside vacuoles or dispersed in the cytosol, and SER proliferation, which are ultrastructural evidences of lipophilic secretion ( Gleizes et al, 1980 ; Figueiredo and Pais, 1992 ; Turner et al, 1999 ; Machado et al, 2005 ; Stpiczyńska et al, 2005 ; Stpiczyńska and Davies, 2016 ; Possobom and Machado, 2018 ). Although these features are unusual in nectary tissues, the ability of nectary cells to produce both nectar and lipids ( Baker and Baker, 1975 ; Durkee et al, 1984 ; Subramanian et al, 1990 ; Possobom et al, 2010 ; Tölke et al, 2015 ; Guimarães et al, 2016 ; Stpiczyńska and Davies, 2016 ; Machado et al, 2017b ) and transition from a true nectary to a lipophilic secretory gland ( Durkee, 1982 ; Durkee et al, 1984 ) has been reported in some angiosperm species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nectar Replaced by Volatile Secretion: A Potential New Role for Nectarless Flowers in a Bee-Pollinated Plant Species

et al. 2018

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The presence of nectarless flowers in nectariferous plants is a widespread phenomenon in angiosperms. However, the frequency and distribution of nectarless flowers in natural populations, and the transition from nectariferous to nectarless flowers are poorly known. Variation in nectar production may affect mutualism stability, since energetic resource availability influences pollinators’ foraging behavior. Here, we described the spatial and temporal nectar production patterns of Jacaranda oxyphylla, a bee-pollinated species that naturally presents nectarless flowers. Additionally, we compared nectariferous and nectarless floral disks in order to identify histological, subcellular and chemical changes that accompanied the loss of nectar production ability. For that we used standard methods for light and transmission electron microscopy, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for chemical analyses. We verified that 47% of flowers did not produce nectar during the whole flower lifespan (nectarless flowers). We also observed remarkable inter-plant variation, with individuals having only nectarless flowers, others only nectariferous ones and most of them showing different proportions of both flower types, with variable nectar volumes (3–21 μl). Additionally, among nectariferous flowers, we registered two distinct rhythms of nectar production. ‘Early’ flowers produced nectar from 0 to 24 h, and ‘late’ flowers produced nectar from 24 to 48 h of anthesis. Although disks from nectariferous and nectarless flowers displayed similar histological organization, they differed strongly at subcellular level. Nectariferous (‘early’ and ‘late’) flowers exhibited a cellular apparatus typical of nectar secretion, while nectarless flowers exhibited osmophoric features. We found three aliphatic and one aromatic compound(s) that were detected in both the headspace of flowers and the disks of nectarless flowers, but not the disks of nectariferous flowers Although the remarkable variation in nectar availability may discourage pollinator visits, nectarless flowers might compensate it by producing volatile compounds that can be part of floral scent, acting as chemical attractants. Thus, nectarless flowers may be helping to maintain pollination in this scenario of trophic resource supply scarcity. We suggest that J. oxyphylla can be transitioning from a nectar-based pollination system to another resource-based or even to a deceit mechanism of pollination.

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Elaiophores in three Neotropical Malpighiaceae species: a comparative study

Cited by 11 publications

References 58 publications

Functional role and evolutionary contributions of floral gland morphoanatomy in the Paleotropical genus Acridocarpus (Malpighiaceae)

Functional role and evolutionary contributions of floral gland morphoanatomy in the Paleotropical genus Acridocarpus (Malpighiaceae)

Structural associations between organelle membranes in nectary parenchyma cells

Nectar Replaced by Volatile Secretion: A Potential New Role for Nectarless Flowers in a Bee-Pollinated Plant Species

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