Efficient Production of Phosphorene Nanosheets via Shear Stress Mediated Exfoliation for Low‐Temperature Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

A simple and fast “top‐down” protocol is introduced herein to prepare solution processable few‐layer phosphorene nanosheets using vortex fluidic mediated exfoliation under near‐infrared (NIR) pulsed laser irradiation. This novel shear‐exfoliation method requires short processing times and produces highly crystalline, atomically thin phosphorene nanosheets (4.3 ± 0.4 nm). The as‐prepared phosphorene nanosheets are used as an effective electron transporting material (ETM) for low‐temperature processed, planar n‐i‐p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). With the addition of phosphorene, the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases from 14.32% to 16.53% with a maximum PCE of 17.85% observed for the phosphorene incorporated PSCs which is comparable to the devices made using the traditional high‐temperature protocol. Experimental and theoretical (density‐functional theory) investigations reveal the PCE improvements are due to the high carrier mobility and suitable band energy alignment of the phosphorene. The work not only paves the way for novel synthesis of 2D materials, but also opens a new avenue in using phosphorene as an efficient ETM in photovoltaic devices.

A two-fold engineering approach based on Bi2Te3 flakes towards efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells

“…[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The beneficial impact of graphene and related 2D materials in PSCs has been demonstrated both in mesoporous [12][13][14][15][16] and inverted planar structures, [17][18][19] as well as in their corresponding tandem systems. 20 Beyond graphene and its derivatives, various 2D material families have been tested including transition metal dichalcogenides, 21 MXenes, 13,22 phosphorene 23,24 and antimonene, 25 just to name a few. The high degree of structural and optoelectronic tunability of 2D materials renders them an ideal choice to form functional layers in PSCs.…”

Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Induced High‐Quality Perovskite Film for Efficient and Thermally Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

“…As an interesting category of materials with many unique optoelectronic properties, 2D materials, such as MoS 2 , graphene oxide (GO), antimonene (Sb), and black phosphorene (BP), have been used to improve the performance of PVSCs, mostly as interfacial buffer layers . For instance, Sun et al adopted GO as a hole transport layer (HTL), which could not only facilitate the hole extraction, but also help to form the perovskite film with higher coverage and favorable textures .…”

“…Since these previous studies certainly indicated that such 2D materials could form good interfaces with perovskites, it would be of great interest to investigate the effects of incorporating them into the bulk of perovskite films. BP has also been adopted as a charge transport material in PVSCs . Thanks to its suitable energy alignment and high carrier mobility, the PVSCs employing BP as a charge transport material offered an increased PCE reaching 16% …”

“…In this work, we employ liquid‐phase‐exfoliated (LPE) black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) as additives in the perovskite precursor solution to tailor the growth of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) films. BPQDs are chosen first because of their previously reported superior electronic properties and good compatibility with perovskite . Second, the organic perovskite precursors, in this case, methylammonium iodide (MAI), are well dissolved in the solvent used for BPQDs suspension, i.e., isopropanol (IPA).…”

Bifunctional Ytterbium (III) Chloride Driven Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Stable α‐CsPbI3 for High‐Efficiency Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Most researchers introduce hydriodic acid‐modified lead iodine (PbI 2 ) to the precursor to reduce the phase transition temperature down to 150 °C and optimize the perovskite film to enhance device performance. This process is complex since the water in hydriodic acid solution should be totally removed . Moreover, the defects at the grain boundaries and surface area of perovskite films may serve as carrier recombination centers, which will reduce the open‐circuit voltage ( V oc ) and fill factor (FF) .…”