Efficient Infrared-to-Visible Conversion by Rare-Earth Oxychlorides

Uitert, L. G. Van; Singh, S.; Levinstein, H. J.; Johnson, L. F.; Grodkiewicz, W. H.; Geusic, J. E.

doi:10.1063/1.1652899

Cited by 60 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Effective infrared-to-visible upconversion in media contaning rare earth ions was observed by Azuel in 1966 [1] and later by Johnson and Gugenheim [2] as well as Van Uitert and his group in 1969 [3]. These works and the ones that followed proved the essential role of the phenomenon of cooperative interaction of a pair of rare earth ions.…”

Section: Upconversion In Media Doped With Rare Earth Ionsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Varsanyi states is very fast and originates fluorescence in the green, 0,54 j.m, and in the red, 0,65 j.m. The next two papers by Johnson and Gugenheim [2] and by Van Uitert [3], from 1969, concern compounds containing active Er ions and auxiliary ions of ytterbium and holmium (BaLuF5 or BaYF5 admixtured with Er and Yb3). These compounds were excited with a laser diode emitting at 930 nm.…”

Section: Upconversion In Media Doped With Rare Earth Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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<title>Infrared-to-visible upconversion fluorescence and laser emission in rare-earth compounds</title>

Kaczmarek

1995

SPIE Proceedings

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Infrared-tovisible upconversion in a variety of rare-earth compounds leads to strong fluorescence and also to laser emission in the visible upon excitation of the media by an appriopriate infrared beam. Usually, a diode laser operating at a wavelength of about 800 nm is used as a pumping source. Efficiency of the upconversion process strongly depends on temperature. The best results vere obtained at liquid nitrogen or lower temperatures. The reason for lowering temperatures is to depopulate the ground state manifold and to reduce the quenching of fluorescence by phonons.Upconversion based fluorescence and laser emission in rare-earth doped crystals (mainly -in erbium doped materials) a well as in stoichiometric erbium pentaphosphate are described. SPIE Vol. 2202/3 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/16/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx

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Section: Upconversion In Media Doped With Rare Earth Ionsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Upconversion In Media Doped With Rare Earth Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Infrared-to-visible upconversion fluorescence and laser emission in rare-earth compounds</title>

Kaczmarek

1995

SPIE Proceedings

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“…The efficiency that was observed or expected for this process was low in singly doped media, but it was quickly noticed that the mechanism could be made one or two orders of magnitude more efficient by using ytterbium (Yb) as a sensitizer ion in addition to the active ion: erbium (Er), holmium (Ho), or thulium (Tm) [2][3][4][5][6][7] . Efficient UC materials were extensively investigated, as they could be used for several potentially important photonic applications including UC lasers (visible lasers that are pumped by infrared diode lasers), and displays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

42.1: Invited Paper: Review of the Properties of Up‐Conversion Phosphors for New Emissive Displays

Rapaport

Milliez

Bass

et al. 2004

Symp Digest of Tech Papers

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We review the properties of up-conversion materials which absorb near infrared light and re-emit in the visible and we assess their potential for a new display technology. Such phosphors have characteristics that are very appealing for displays: they cover a wide color gamut with very saturated colors, they can be operated at very high brightness without damage to the emitters, they have very long lifetimes and they have efficiencies comparable to those of existing technologies. . IntroductionThe concept of frequency upconversion (UC) of infrared-tovisible light in rare-earth (RE) doped materials was reported more than forty years ago for the first time [1] . The efficiency that was observed or expected for this process was low in singly doped media, but it was quickly noticed that the mechanism could be made one or two orders of magnitude more efficient by using ytterbium (Yb) as a sensitizer ion in addition to the active ion: erbium (Er), holmium (Ho), or thulium (Tm) [2][3][4][5][6][7] . Efficient UC materials were extensively investigated, as they could be used for several potentially important photonic applications including UC lasers (visible lasers that are pumped by infrared diode lasers), and displays. However, because no powerful source existed in the 980-nm region in order to excite such upconverters no practical product came out of the research. With the development of powerful 980-nm diode lasers for the telecommunication industry, a technology that appeared to be too inefficient in the past now has legitimate practical applications. Review of the resultsThe base materials we use are fluoride crystals doped with Yb 3+ and an active ion (Er 3+ or Tm 3+ ). In order to make this technology scalable, we grind those materials into powder and disperse them in a polymeric host (phosphorylated polymethylmethacrylate or p-PMMA) [8] . The preparation is then cast on a substrate and an infrared laser beam is scanned across the screen. No high voltage or vacuum tube is needed and the optical path can be folded in order to reduce the depth of the display. The low energy pump photons do not produce damage in the up-conversion materials so the screens do not suffer performance deterioration as do down-conversion displays (plasma technology) [9][10][11][12] .The physical process on which up-conversion is based is as follows: First, photons from the near-infrared pump source are absorbed by the Yb 3+ sensitizer ions. The absorbed energy is then transferred in two (or three) sequential steps to higher lying energy levels in the active ion (Er 3+ for green and red, and Tm 3+ for blue). Visible light is emitted through fluorescence for a duration of about 2 ms. This makes up-conversion materials suitable for video rates. With such a display, the viewer is never exposed to infrared laser light which is filtered out for safety purposes. He looks at fluorescence light which is not subject to speckle as with visible laser displays.The best performing materials to date present two narrow emission bands each in the visible. T...

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“…Efficient infrared-tovisible upconversion in rare-earth compounds was first observed as early as in 1969 by Johnson and Gugenheim [1], and also by Van Uitert et al [2]. Two, three-, and four-photon processes were found responsible for blue, green, or red fluorescence when doped crystals (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion in Erbium Pentaphosphate

1993

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Efficient Infrared-to-Visible Conversion by Rare-Earth Oxychlorides

Abstract: When pumped by radiation from a Si–GaAs diode, the luminous efficiency of Y3OCl7:Yb3+, Er3+ is comparable to that of visible emitting GaP diodes. By varying the Yb3+ concentration, phosphors have been made which produce a red or yellow visual response.

Cited by 60 publications

References 4 publications

<title>Infrared-to-visible upconversion fluorescence and laser emission in rare-earth compounds</title>

<title>Infrared-to-visible upconversion fluorescence and laser emission in rare-earth compounds</title>

42.1: Invited Paper: Review of the Properties of Up‐Conversion Phosphors for New Emissive Displays

Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion in Erbium Pentaphosphate

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