Efficient extraction of lithium from β-spodumene by direct roasting with NaF and leaching

Rosales, Gustavo D.; Resentera, Alexander C.; González, Jorge A.; Wuilloud, Rodolfo G.; Rodríguez, M. H.

doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2019.08.009

Cited by 43 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Barbosa et al [43] observed the gaseous phase at 1000 • C, however, it was not the case in the chlorination processes that were modelled. phase ( Figure 7) [50]. On the other hand, the predicted reversal of the process at higher temperatures, signified by the rise of spodumene in their model with increasing temperature, was not observed in this study.…”

Section: Chemical Thermodynamics Of Spodumene Processingcontrasting

confidence: 83%

“…Besides the general review of the processes for spodumene treatment, an evaluation of the chemical thermodynamics reveals that, sulfation, alkaline, fluorination, chlorination as well as Fluorination roasting of calcined spodumene using NaF is found favored throughout the temperatures (Figure 2), which is confirmed by the formation of lithium fluoride in the solid or liquid phase ( Figure 7) [50]. On the other hand, the predicted reversal of the process at higher temperatures, signified by the rise of spodumene in their model with increasing temperature, was not observed in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only fluorination roasting report available in literature was performed by Rosales et al [50], though there are some hydrometallurgical processes of spodumene beneficiation using some fluorination agents [15,51]. In this approach, roasting of NaF with β-spodumene at 600 • C spodumene: NaF from 1:1 to 1:2.5 and 4 h was investigated.…”

Section: Other Processes To Spodumene Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Fosu

Kanari

Vaughan

et al. 2020

Metals

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This review adds to the public domain literature on the extraction of lithium from mineral ores. The focus is on the pyrometallurgical pre-treatment of spodumene. Information on the phase transformation from α to β, the heat treatment methods as well as the behavior of various compounds in the roasting processes are evaluated. Insight into the chemical thermodynamics of the baking process is evaluated using HSC Chemistry software up to 1200 °C. It was observed that the alkaline, sulfation, chlorination (using Cl2 and CaCl2), carbonizing (to form Li2CO3) and fluorination processes were feasible either throughout or at a point within the temperature range considered. Chlorination using KCl and carbonizing to form Li2O are the processes found to be nonspontaneous throughout the temperatures considered.

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Section: Chemical Thermodynamics Of Spodumene Processingcontrasting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Processes To Spodumene Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Fosu

Kanari

Vaughan

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…This can have a major influence on the leaching process, as not all lithium minerals are easily leachable. α-spodumene for example is difficult to leach and is converted into β-spodumene prior to leaching [55][56][57][58][59].…”

Section: Comparison Of Lithium Minerals Present In Slagsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

Sommerfeld¹,

Vonderstein²,

Dertmann³

et al. 2020

Metals

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Due to the increasing demand for battery raw materials such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium, the extraction of these metals not only from primary, but also from secondary sources like spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly important. One possible approach for an optimized recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs is a combined pyro- and hydrometallurgical process. According to the pyrometallurgical process route, in this paper, a suitable slag design for the generation of slag enriched by lithium and mixed cobalt, nickel, and copper alloy as intermediate products in a laboratory electric arc furnace was investigated. Smelting experiments were carried out using pyrolyzed pelletized black mass, copper(II) oxide, and different quartz additions as a flux to investigate the influence on lithium-slagging. With the proposed smelting operation, lithium could be enriched with a maximum yield of 82.4% in the slag, whereas the yield for cobalt, nickel, and copper in the metal alloy was 81.6%, 93.3%, and 90.7% respectively. The slag obtained from the melting process is investigated by chemical and mineralogical characterization techniques. Hydrometallurgical treatment to recover lithium is carried out with the slag and presented in part 2.

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“…The conversion of α to the β-phase leads to volumetric enlargement of the lattice; making the β-spodumene structure comparatively open for the chemical attack. A series of investigations were conducted to enhance the decrepitation process [ 3 , 10 , 11 ] using different heating techniques [ 12 ] as well as optimizing the extraction efficiency at different leaching conditions [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Spodumene Concentrate and Its Thermal Transformations

et al. 2021

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Spodumene concentrate from the Pilbara region in Western Australia was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) to identify and quantify major minerals in the concentrate. Particle diameters ranged from 10 to 200 microns and the degree of liberation of major minerals was found to be more than 90%. The thermal behavior of spodumene and the concentration of its polymorphs were studied by heat treatments in the range of 900 to 1050 °C. All three polymorphs of the mineral (α, γ and β) were identified. Full transformation of the α-phase was achieved at 975 °C and 1000 °C after 240 and 60 min treatments, respectively. SEM images of thermally treated concentrate revealed fracturing of spodumene grains, producing minor cracks initially which became more prominent with increasing temperature. Material disintegration, melting and agglomeration with gangue minerals were also observed at higher temperatures. The metastable γ-phase achieved a peak concentration of 23% after 120 min at 975 °C. We suggest 1050 °C to be the threshold temperature for the process where even a short residence time causes appreciable transformation, however, 1000 °C may be the ideal temperature for processing the concentrate due to the degree of material disintegration and α-phase transformation observed. The application of a first-order kinetic model yields kinetic parameters which fit the experimental data well. The resultant apparent activation energies of 655 and 731 kJ mol−1 obtained for α- and γ-decay, respectively, confirm the strong temperature dependence for the spodumene polymorph transformations.

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Efficient extraction of lithium from β-spodumene by direct roasting with NaF and leaching

Cited by 43 publications

References 22 publications

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Spodumene Concentrate and Its Thermal Transformations

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