Efficient and Quick Method for Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes Analysis of Whole Crude Oil by Thin-Layer Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector

Bisht, Harender S.; Reddy, M.Sayanarayana; Malvanker, Manthan; Patil, Rahul; Gupta, Ajay; Hazarika, Bibeka; Das, Asit

doi:10.1021/ef4002204

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, the work by Bisht et al revealed an opposite trend, where the response of saturates is significantly lower than that of asphaltenes. 20 This reversed effect can be explained by the loss of volatile compounds with boiling points 20 below 165 °C. The evaporation of volatiles probably mainly occurs during the drying of the rods after the development with the mobile phases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Thin-Layer Chromatography–Laser Desorption Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometric Imaging for Visualization of Crude Oil Interactions

et al. 2018

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A light oil was separated into four chromatographic fractions that serve as proxy for SARA fractions. The fractions were (semi)quantified on a rod by TLC-flame ionization detection and characterized on a plate with laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (TLC-LDI-MS). Comparisons of (semi)quantitative TLC-FID and qualitative TLC-LDI-MS results showed that LDI-MS was most sensitive for detection of molecules in the polar P1 fraction, and, to some extent, for the aromatics fraction, while no signal was observed for the most polar P2 and saturates fractions. Based on these results, limits of the compositional space, as observed by the laser ionization technique, were evaluated. The molecular speciation between and within the spots of the aromatics and the P1 fractions were analyzed and interpreted in terms of oil–SiO2 versus oil–solvent interactions, as a function of molecular characteristics such as DBE, aromaticity (H/C ratio), heteroatom content, degree of alkylation, and shielding of heteroatoms. In addition, the high oil loading resulted in an interesting bifurcation of the aromatics spot, which implies that oil–oil interactions can be enforced and studied in the TLC model system.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Thin-Layer Chromatography–Laser Desorption Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometric Imaging for Visualization of Crude Oil Interactions

et al. 2018

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“…Ion mobility spectrometry‐mass spectrometry (IMS‐MS) is another important method to study chemical structures and it is reported to be a promising research to study proteins, metabolites, and aromatic compounds in crude oil . Gas‐phase separation achieved by IM can add another level of chromatography to the commonly used liquid phase separation . In addition, IM can be used to identify isomers.…”

Section: Comparison Between Experimental and Theoretical Ccs Values Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Theoretical Calculation Methods for Obtaining Collisional Cross‐Section of Aromatic Compounds

Lim

Ahmed

Kim

2018

Bulletin Korean Chem Soc

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Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as one of the most important tools for chemical and biochemical analysis. 1 MS is widely used for the analysis of proteins, drugs, metabolites, petroleum products, environmental chemicals, and foods. In such studies, MS is used to measure the molecular weight of the compounds, which helps in identifying the molecules. In particular, ultrahigh resolution MS has been used to obtain accurate molecular weight. MS can also be used to elucidate chemical structures. In those application, tandem MS 2 and hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS have been used. 3-5 Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) 6-8 is another important method to study chemical structures and it is reported to be a promising research to study proteins, 9,10 metabolites, 11,12 and aromatic compounds in crude oil. 13 Gas-phase separation achieved by IM can add another level of chromatography to the commonly used liquid phase separation. 14-17 In addition, IM can be used to identify isomers.Despite its potential, the application of IM-MS has been limited in the MS community. There are two critical limitations of IM-MS analysis: (1) the limited resolving power for gas-phase separation; (2) the need for combining theoretical calculations. The former can be overcome by the development of suitable instruments and data interpretation methods. In the case of second limitation, it has been widely accepted that combining theoretical collisional cross-section (CCS) calculation with experimental determination of CCS is necessary to fully utilize the IM-MS data.The theoretical CCS calculation includes two steps: in the first step, the structures are calculated and optimized, and in the second step, the CCS was calculated based on the optimized structure. For structural optimization, quantum chemical approaches, including the density functional theory (DFT) 18 have been widely used. However, quantum mechanical calculations are computationally expensive and not suitable for regular users of IM-MS. Therefore, it will be advantageous for the IM-MS community if a less computationally expensive and more easily accessible classical method would be as effective as the quantum mechanical approach. However, the effectiveness of lower-level CCS calculation has not been evaluated.In this study, the theoretical CCS values determined by various theoretical calculations were compared with the experimentally determined CCS values. The overall work flow for a comparative study of the CCS values obtained by computational chemistry and MS measurement is presented in a previous study. Briefly, the CCS values of molecules are experimentally determined by IM-MS and then compared with the theoretically calculated CCS values to find structures that can best explain the obtained IM-MS spectra.The experimental CCS values were obtained from a previous work. 19 The list of compounds is provided in the Table S1 (Supporting Information). Briefly, the drift time is converted into the CCS based on the previously reported CCS values of poly-DL-alanine. 19...

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“…However, the obtained results depend on the assumption that each fraction has an equal FID response factor. Nonetheless, the FID response factor could be entirely different for polar fractions. − , In addition, separating and quantifying polar fractions using this approach can be difficult, and a significant repeatability error has been reported in the analytical results. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, the FID response factor could be entirely different for polar fractions. [2][3][4]15 In addition, separating and quantifying polar fractions using this approach can be difficult, and a significant repeatability error has been reported in the analytical results. 3,14,16 Suatoni and Swab introduced high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) for SARA analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for SARA Analysis (SARA-HPLC)

et al. 2021

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SARA analysis is widely used to separate crude oil components to saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene fractions. Despite the continuous improvement of the current methods, they are still suffering from insufficiencies in providing fast, accurate, and repeatable results. In this study, an automated SARA high-performance liquid chromatograph (SARA-HPLC) is developed and evaluated to overcome the aforementioned limitations and enhance SARA analysis. The developed system is equipped with three columns packed with different stationary phases, including poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), silica, and cyano, connected by automated six-port switching valves that can control the flow path of solvents. The system utilizes propane to sweep the primary carrier phase toward a flat and smooth baseline. A sample of 50 μL (bitumen dissolved in toluene) is passed through the columns where chromatographic separation of maltenes occurs. The asphaltene fraction precipitates on PTFE due to excess pentane, resins are adsorbed by the cyano column, and aromatics are retained on the activated silica column. After sweeping the primary carrier phase (n-pentane) using propane, the fractions are eluted from their columns by applying toluene and consequently sent to an ultraviolet light (UV) detector for analysis. The system can be run unattended and automatically, and each run needs 3 h, including system preparation. The obtained results verify that the developed analytical approach is fast, cost-effective, repeatable, and more precise than current SARA analysis methods.

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Efficient and Quick Method for Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes Analysis of Whole Crude Oil by Thin-Layer Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector

Cited by 29 publications

References 30 publications

Evaluation of Thin-Layer Chromatography–Laser Desorption Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometric Imaging for Visualization of Crude Oil Interactions

Evaluation of Thin-Layer Chromatography–Laser Desorption Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometric Imaging for Visualization of Crude Oil Interactions

Comparison of Theoretical Calculation Methods for Obtaining Collisional Cross‐Section of Aromatic Compounds

Automated High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for SARA Analysis (SARA-HPLC)

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