Efficacy and Safety of Aluminum Chloride in Controlling External Hemorrhage: An Animal Model Study

Abstract

Background:Despite all the progress in surgical science, bleeding caused by traffic accidents is still one of the challenges surgeons face in saving patients’ lives. Therefore, introducing an effective method to control external bleeding is an important research priority.Objectives:This study aimed to compare the hemostatic effect of aluminum chloride versus simple suturing in controlling external bleeding.Materials and Methods:This experimental study was conducted in Kashan, Iran. In this study, 60 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into six groups. An incision, two centimeters (cm) long and half a cm deep, was made on each rat’s shaved back skin and the hemostatic time was measured once using aluminum chloride with different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, and 50%) and then using the control method (controlling hemorrhage by simple suturing). The skin tissue was assessed for pathological changes.Results:The hemostatic time of aluminum chloride 50%, 25%, 15%, 10% and 5% were 8.20 ± 0.919, 14.10 ± 1.37, 21.20 ± 1.31, 30.80 ± 1.68 and 42.00 ± 4.19 seconds, respectively. Also, the mean hemostasis time in the control group (suture) was 84.00 ± 4.05 seconds. The hemostatic times of different concentrations of aluminum chloride were significantly less than that of the control group. There was a statistically significant difference between every two hemostatic time. The pathologic examination showed the highest frequency of low-grade inflammation based on the defined pathological grading.Conclusions:The aluminum chloride method needs less time to control external hemorrhage compared to the control method (controlling external hemorrhage by simple suturing). Aluminum chloride is an effective agent in controlling external hemorrhage in an animal model.

The Effect of Hemostatic Agents on the Retention Strength of Zirconia Crowns Luted to Dentin Abutments

“…The mechanism of action of AlCl 3 to stop bleeding is astringent by precipitation of proteins. The acidic property of aluminum chloride causes a reaction with blood proteins, which in turn creates a barrier by coagulated proteins and thereby prevents the outflow of blood from vessels [29].…”

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Methods Used to Control Liver Bleeding: A Review

“…The recombinant factor VII is newly proposed to be used as a procoagulant agent to control liver bleeding. Several studies have investigated the efficacy and safety of recombinant factor VII in controlling liver bleeding ( 60 , 62 , 63 , 69 , 70 ). Although no important side effect is documented in using of the recombinant factor VII ( 65 , 66 , 71 ), none of the studies showed a significant difference in blood loss or needing to blood products between patients who received recombinant factor VII and the patients who did not receive it.…”

Evaluation of antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of aluminum chloride

“…Since there is a significant amount of protein in the blood, its protein coagulant property makes this agent a potent hemostatic agent (13). When blood is exposed to AlCl3 a chemical reaction occurs between blood proteins and hydrochloric acid (HCl) that is believed to be formed by hydrolysis of AlCl3 (13,14).…”

“…Since there is a significant amount of protein in the blood, its protein coagulant property makes this agent a potent hemostatic agent (13). When blood is exposed to AlCl3 a chemical reaction occurs between blood proteins and hydrochloric acid (HCl) that is believed to be formed by hydrolysis of AlCl3 (13,14). This causes coagulation of the tissues, vasoconstriction, thrombus and occlusion of small blood vessels, tissue damage and thus activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, protein precipitation and coagulation (14,15).…”

“…It is formulated as AlCl 3 and has acidic character. It can be formulated in concentrations of 20-40% in water, alcohol, ether or glycerol as a protein coagulant (13). The 25% buffered aluminum chloride solution is marketed under the brand name Frenna AC Solution (Dharma Research, Inc., US).…”