Effects of unsaturation of C2 and C3 hydrocarbons on the formation of PAHs and on the toxicity of soot particles

Dandajeh, Hamisu Adamu; Ladommatos, Nicos; Hellier, Paul; Eveleigh, Aaron

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.015

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Conversely, Figure 3b shows that the concentrations of PP PAHs increased with increasing molecular weight of the PAH regardless of the fuel combusted. This result also matched with observations in tube reactors in [36,47]. Figure 3c presents the concentration of PAHs adsorbed on the soot particles per unit mass of soot.…”

Section: Pah Distributions From Diesel Engine Exhaust At Constant Injsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The finding that the total PAH emission decreased with increasing ignition delay could be explained by the fact that the maximum average in-cylinder temperature was also observed to increase with increasing ignition delay [38]. This could be expected, since the total PAHs were reported to decrease with increasing temperatures [36,47]. Further extrapolation from these results would suggest that the relatively low in-cylinder temperature inhibits the consumption of PAHs.…”

Section: Effect Of Ignition Delay and Premixed Phase On Total Pah Emimentioning

confidence: 82%

“…To avoid condensation of gas phase PAHs and water vapor during sampling, the sampling probe was thermally insulated. The temperature of the soot sampling stainless steel probe that led to the filter housing was measured by K-type thermocouple and was always found be > 100 • C. Particulate filters and XAD-2 resin were employed in series, as previously used in a tube reactor reported in Dandajeh et al [36], to collect the particulate and gaseous PAHs respectively. The cumulative volume of gas (V g ) that passed through the particulate filter and the XAD-2 resin was measured, at each test condition, using a volumetric gas meter (Bell flow Systems UK).…”

Section: Generation and Sampling Of Particulate And Gas Phase Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sample preparation (sample extraction and solvent evaporation) and GC-MS analysis has been described in detail previously in Dandajeh et al [36,37]. The extraction of the PAHs from the soot particles and XAD-2 resin samples was carried out using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) in dichloromethane as a solvent.…”

Section: Sample Preparation/gc-ms Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Combustion Characteristics and Fuel Composition on Exhaust PAHs in a Compression Ignition Engine

et al. 2019

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This paper reports an experimental investigation into the effects of fuel composition on the exhaust emission of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a diesel engine, operated at both constant fuel injection and constant fuel ignition modes. The paper quantifies the US EPA (United State Environmental Protection Agency) 16 priority PAHs produced from combustion of fossil diesel fuel and several model fuel blends of n-heptane, toluene and methyl decanoate in a single-cylinder diesel research engine based on a commercial light duty automotive engine. It was found that the level of total PAHs emitted by the various fuel blends decreased with increasing fuel ignition delay and premixed burn fraction, however, where the ignition delay of a fuel blend was decreased with use of an ignition improving additive the level of particulate phase PAH also decreased. Increasing the level of toluene present in the fuel blends decreased levels of low toxicity of two to four ring PAH, while displacing n-heptane with methyl decanoate increased particulate phase adsorbed PAH. Overall, the composition of the fuels investigated was found to have more influence on the concentration of exhaust PAHs formed than that of combustion characteristics, including ignition delay, peak heat release rate and the extent of the premixed burn fractions.

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Section: Pah Distributions From Diesel Engine Exhaust At Constant Injsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Effect Of Ignition Delay and Premixed Phase On Total Pah Emimentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Generation and Sampling Of Particulate And Gas Phase Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preparation/gc-ms Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Combustion Characteristics and Fuel Composition on Exhaust PAHs in a Compression Ignition Engine

et al. 2019

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“…Its energy is characteristic of C1s→π*(-C=C-) transitions in linear unsaturated organic molecules [55] or in polyaromatic hydrogenated molecules (PAHs) [56]. We assign this feature to PAHs since they usually dominate the unsaturated organic phase in soot [57,58]. They are only observed on the PEY and not on the TEY spectra, showing that PAHs are located at the surface of the particles.…”

Section: Nexafs Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 92%

Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Marhaba

Ferry

Laffon

et al. 2019

Combustion and Flame

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been used to compare the nanoscale characteristics of aircraft soot collected at the exhaust of a recent PowerJet SaM146 jet engine, with those of soot generated by a MiniCAST burner. Analyses show that some MiniCAST operating conditions enable generating soot particles of morphology, internal nano-structure and chemical structure close to those of aircraft soot. However, MiniCAST soot have gyration diameters systematically larger compared to aircraft soot. Provided that this imperfect agreement is not critical for the studied properties, MiniCAST soot might be used as a relevant analogue of aircraft soot for studying some of their physical or chemical properties, offering a convenient and affordable way to conduct laboratory studies on the environmental impacts of aviation emitted particles.

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Effect of equalising ignition delay on combustion and soot emission characteristics of model fuel blends

Dandajeh

Ladommatos

Hellier

2022

J. Cent. South Univ.

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This paper examines the effect of equalizing ignition delay in a compression ignition engine. Two sets of tests were conducted. A constant injection timing tests with start of fuel injection at 10 o CAD BTDC and a constant ignition timing tests while also keeping the 10 o CAD BTDC injection and adding ignition improver (2ethylhexylnitrate -2EHN) to the fuel mixtures. Soot particles were characterised using DMS-500 instrument in terms of mass, size, and number. The experimental results showed that adding 2-EHN to the model fuel blends reduced the soot surface area, soot mass concentration and soot mean size. Replacing 20% (vol) of a C7-heptane, with 20% of methyl-decanoate (an oxygenated C11 molecule) did not affect the ignition delay or rates of fuel air premixing, the peak in-cylinder pressure and heat release rates. Toluene addition (0 -22.5% by vol) to heptane increased the mean size of the soot particles generated by only 3% while also resulting in a slight increase in the peak cylinder pressure and peak heat release rates. Blending toluene and methyl-decanoate into heptane without adding-2EHN increased the premix phase fraction by at least 13%. However, adding 2EHN (400 -1500ppm), the premixed phase fraction decreased by at least 11%.

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Effects of unsaturation of C2 and C3 hydrocarbons on the formation of PAHs and on the toxicity of soot particles

Cited by 32 publications

References 35 publications

Influence of Combustion Characteristics and Fuel Composition on Exhaust PAHs in a Compression Ignition Engine

Influence of Combustion Characteristics and Fuel Composition on Exhaust PAHs in a Compression Ignition Engine

Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Effect of equalising ignition delay on combustion and soot emission characteristics of model fuel blends

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