Effects of Ultra-Low-Dose Aspirin in Thrombosis and Haemorrhage

Abstract

Background Aspirin is the oldest and possibly the most widely used pharmacologically active substance still used in allopathic medicine. Its effect on fever and inflammation has paved the way to its anti-thrombotic effect. Dilutions of aspirin have been tested for many years in the University of Bordeaux, in humans as well as in animal models. Methods This article is a review of the totality of articles published by the Laboratory of Hematology of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Bordeaux, reporting different doses and dilutions of aspirin, different kinds of inhibitors, transgenic mice and animal models of disease such as portal hypertension and cirrhosis. Results Homeopathic dilutions of aspirin, notably 15 cH, have shown a pro-thrombotic effect in humans and in in-vivo animal studies. Longitudinal studies in rats have also shown an initial anti-thrombotic effect followed by a pro-thrombotic effect of aspirin several days after a single high-dose administration. This pro-thrombotic effect seems to act by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathway in studies performed with COX selective inhibitors and in knock-out mice without COX-1 or COX-2. This effect may explain the thrombo-embolic complications described after aspirin withdrawal for the purposes of surgery or after non-compliance with anti-platelet therapy, and it may be beneficial in normalising primary haemostasis and decreasing haemorrhage in animal models of portal hypertension and cirrhosis. Conclusions Aspirin 15 cH acts through the inhibition of the COX-2 pathway producing a clear pro-thrombotic effect. Further studies should clarify if the pro-thrombotic effect of aspirin withdrawal and the effect of aspirin 15 cH are related, as secondary effects of the same drug. Clarifying this last outcome may be of great significance to public health.

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“…The prolonged study of aspirin carried out by Eizayaga et al (2019) supports the pos-sibility of exploiting secondary effects of suitable modern medicine, derived through its potentized form, for therapeutic applications. Tautopathy can now be taken seriously.…”

“…3. Chemicals like histamine (Sainte-Laudy and Belon, 2009), thyroxine (Endler et al, 2015) and aspirin (Eizayaga et al, 2019) were potentized beyond Avogadro's limit (i.e., > 12C), and biological models responded to these ultrahigh dilutions. The nature of these responses were opposite to those obtained from their pharmacological doses.…”

“…Doutremepuich and colleagues have carried out two decade-long reproducible studies on aspirin and its homeopathic dilutions (Eizayaga et al, 2019). They have shown that aspirin, notably 15C, have a pro-thrombotic effect in humans and animals.…”

“…Further when aspirin 15C was injected shortly after a high dose of aspirin 100 mg/kg b.w., the anti-thrombotic effect could not develop, suggesting that aspirin 15C may have neutralized it. Moreover after one single high material dose of aspirin, Eizayaga et al (2019) observed several days after a pro-thrombotic effect as withdrawal or rebound effect of aspirin.…”

Exploring Possible Mechanisms of Hormesis and Homeopathy in the Light of Nanopharmacology and Ultra-High Dilutions

“…9 Medicinal effects of serially diluted succussed solutions are not confined to substances conventionally used in homeopathy as sourcedrugs. Chemicals like histamine, 10 thyroxine, 11 and aspirin 12 diluted homeopathically, even far beyond Avogadro's limit, have found biological models showing opposite effects to those from their pharmacological doses. 9 Similarly diluted sodium butyrate, a promising therapeutic agent for cancer treatment which targets epigenetic pathways, found modulating the transcriptome of HEK 293 cells.…”