Exploring Possible Mechanisms of Hormesis and Homeopathy in the Light of Nanopharmacology and Ultra-High Dilutions

Abstract

Serially diluted succussed solutions of a suitable drug/toxic substance can exhibit physicochemical and biological properties even far beyond Avogadro’s limit defying conventional wisdom. They can show hormesis, and homeopathy uses them as medicines. Many studies confirm that they can have an impact on gene expression different than controls. Water in the exclusion zone phase can have memory but for a short period. However, the nanoparticle as the physical substrate can hold information. Nanoparticle and exclusion zone duo as nanoparticle-exclusion zone shell can provide a prolonged memory. The Nanoparticle-Exclusion Zone Shell Model may be an important step toward explaining the nature and bioactivity of serially diluted succussed solutions used as homeopathic medicines. This model may also provide insight into the workings of hormesis. Hormesis is the primary phenomenon through which homeopathic phenomenon may have evolved exhibiting the principle of similars. Hahnemann exploited it to establish homeopathy. The nanoparticle-exclusion zone shells present in the remedy, selected on the principle of similars, can be patient-specific nanoparticles in a symptom syndrome-specific manner. They can carry the drug-specific information for safer clinical applications in an amplified form for high yielding. It suggests homeopathy is a type of nanopharmacology.

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“…This model has enough theoretical support and has been successful in its purpose (Upadhyay, 2017;Upadhyay, 2020;Ullman, 2021). Its robustness is evident.…”

“…The Nanoparticle -EZ Shell Model (Upadhyay, 2017;Upadhyay, 2020), developed to describe and explain the working mechanism of such dilutions, is likely to complement such studies. A recent comparative study finds this model best to understand such a dilution as homeopathic medicine and as an agent causing hormesis (Ullman, 2021). This model can be instrumental to understanding evolution as hydrophilic nanoparticles are ubiquitous, obviously with EZ water on their surface.…”

“…During iteration, this information gets amplified, making homeopathic medicine more effective with its increasing dilution than its source substance (Upadhyay, 2017;Upadhyay, 2020). A recent study finds this explanation most plausible among the available ones (Ullman, 2021).…”

Exploring possible mechanism of homoeopathic potentization by nanoparticle: Exclusion zone shell model

“…As surface area per mass of a material grows, a greater portion of the material can come into contact with surrounding materials, capable of adsorbing other components in solution onto the particle surface, so changing the particle characteristics. Sometimes, these attempts are called doping of the nanoparticle [3,4] . Many of the inner workings of cells naturally occur at the nanoscale.…”

“…There are considerable influence of numerous chemicals in very small dosages in our human body such as Interleukin-1 for T-cell clone proliferation: 2.5 x 10 -19 mol/L (similar to 19X in decimal scale of homoeopathic dilution). In this regard, current research suggests that homoeopathy leverages the organism's reaction to (or secondary action of) toxin/ stressor perhaps via its particular information contained in nanoparticles and interfacial water on them as nanoparticle-exclusion zone shells [3] .…”