Effects of the pharmaceutical contaminants ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine alone, and in combination, on oxidative stress parameters in early life stages of tench (Tinca tinca)

Abstract

ABSTRACT:In the present study, the effects of sub-lethal sub-chronic doses of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine alone, and in combination (concentration range 0.02-60 µg/l), on the early life stages of tench (Tinca tinca) were investigated. The lower concentrations of pharmaceuticals tested (0.02, 0.2, 2 µg/l) represent the concentration values of these substances commonly present in surface waters or effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Multiple biomarkers of biotransformation, antioxidant defence systems, and lipid peroxidation were determined in fish after 35 days of exposure. The evaluated pharmaceuticals induced oxidative stress in fish both alone and in combination with each other. Generally, 60 µg/l of each single pharmaceutical influenced the activity of antioxidant enzymes significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the same concentration of these pharmaceuticals in combination (1 : 1 : 1) did not have any impact on the activity of these enzymes. However, changes in biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes were apparent if lower concentrations of these pharmaceuticals were administered in the mixture. Significant changes (P < 0.05) in the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase were observed even at environmental concentration ranges. A significant effect (P < 0.05) on lipid peroxidation levels was found only in the experimental group exposed to carbamazepine. Keywords: antioxidant defence system; lipid peroxidationList of abbreviations ANC = acid-neutralising capacity, CAT = catalase, CBZ = carbamazepine, COD Mn = chemical oxygen demand, COX = cyclooxygenase, DCF = diclofenac, DMSO = dimethylsulfoxide, GPx = glutathione peroxidase, GR = glutathione reductase, GSH = reduced active form of glutathione, GSSG = oxidised inactive form of glutathione, GST = glutathione-S-transferase, IBU = ibuprofen, LC = liquid chromatography, LC-MS/MS = liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, LPO = lipid peroxidation level, NSAIDs = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ROS = reactive oxygen species Pharmaceutical mixtures that contaminate water sources are currently a problem worldwide. Ibuprofen (IBU), diclofenac (DCF), and carbamazepine (CBZ) are among the most frequently detected drugs in aquatic ecosystems. Their concentrations in surface water range from ng/l to tens of µg/l. Higher concentrations have been detected in developing countries due to the direct discharge of untreated wastewater from residences and hospitals into surface waters (Tran et al. 2014).

Synthesis of poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐divinylbenzene‐co‐vinylbenzyl chloride)‐derived hypercrosslinked polymer microspheres and a preliminary evaluation of their potential for the solid‐phase capture of pharmaceuticals

“…Pharmaceuticals in the sewage system can be degraded or removed, however some residues remain and are present in very low concentrations in surface waters, WWTPs, in hospitals influent and effluent, and drinking water . Diclofenac, a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, is one of the most extensively studied pharmaceuticals due to its potentially toxic effects and low biodegradability in WWTPs . Al‐Odaini et al .…”

Can Ultrasound Therapy Be an Environmental-Friendly Alternative to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment?

“…In non-target vertebrates NSAIDs cause genetic, enzymatic, and organ damages. Inhibition of the function of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase after the fish exposure to ibuprofen or diclofenac at low concentration (0.2–60 μg/L) was observed in a study published by Stancova [ 63 ]. Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of at least 5 μg/L diclofenac revealed kidney damages such as a hyaline droplet degeneration in the tubular epithelial cells and the occurrence of interstitial nephritis.…”

Indicator Compounds Representative of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) Found in the Water Cycle in the United States

“…Observations of antibiotic resistance of bacteria [30,[126][127][128][129][130], intersex occurrence in freshwater fish [31,[131][132][133], and oxidative stress in aquatic organisms [134][135][136][137] are major adverse effects from CECs in the water cycle [138]. Many researchers have investigated the effect of the wastewater treatment processes on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the plants and receiving waters [126,128,129].…”

“…Similarly, in galaxiid fish, an acute exposure to 0.17 µg/L of diclofenac for 96 h resulted in a decrease in catalase activity in the gill tissue [135]. Stancova et al (2017) evaluated the early stages of oxidative stress in Tench fish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.02-60 µg/L) of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine [137]. Significant impacts were observed in oxidative stress parameters glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase after the exposure.…”