Synthesis of poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐divinylbenzene‐co‐vinylbenzyl chloride)‐derived hypercrosslinked polymer microspheres and a preliminary evaluation of their potential for the solid‐phase capture of pharmaceuticals

Abstract

Poly[acrylonitrile (AN)‐co‐divinylbenzene (DVB)‐co‐vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC)] terpolymers were synthesized by precipitation polymerization in the form of porous polymer microspheres. The poly(AN‐co‐DVB‐co‐VBC) polymers were then hypercrosslinked, via a Friedel‐Crafts reaction with FeCl3 in nitrobenzene, to provide a significant uplift in the specific surface areas of the polymers. FTIR spectra of the hypercrosslinked poly(AN‐co‐DVB‐co‐VBC)s showed that the chloromethyl groups derived from VBC were consumed by the Friedel‐Crafts reactions, which was consistent with successful hypercrosslinking. Hypercrosslinking installed a number of new, small pores into the polymers, as evidenced by a dramatic increase in the specific surface areas upon hypercrosslinking (from ∼530 to 1080 m2 g−1). The hypercrosslinked polymers are very interesting for a range of applications, not least of all for solid‐phase extraction (SPE) work, where the convenient physical form of the polymers (beaded format), their low mean particle diameters, and narrow particle size distributions, as well as their high specific surface areas and polar character (arising from the AN residues), make them attractive candidates as SPE sorbents. In this regard, in a preliminary study one of the hypercrosslinked polymers was utilized as an SPE sorbent for the capture of the polar pharmaceutical diclofenac from a polar environment. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45677.

The synthesis and characterisation of porous and monodisperse, chemically modified hypercrosslinked poly(acrylonitrile)-based terpolymer as a sorbent for the adsorption of acidic pharmaceuticals

“…The absorption band at ∼1,270 cm −1 , which was assigned to the chloromethyl groups, was presented in poly(AN-co-DVB-80-co-VBC) FT-IR spectrum ( Figure 1a); however, this band almost disappeared in the HXL poly(AN-co-DVB-80-co-VBC) spectrum (Figure 1b) following hypercrosslinking, which was the result of the consumption of chloromethyl groups. This confirmed that the hypercrosslinking reaction that involved nucleophilic substitution in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction was successfully carried out (29). Figure 1c shows the FT-IR spectrum of hypercrosslinked poly(AN-co-DVB-80-co-VBC) that was chemically modified with ethylenediamine (EDA).…”

Synthesis and Optimization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with l-Ascorbic Acid and Thymoquinone

“…This characterization successfully confirmed the size of the particles as reported in the DLS study. The NP diameters and particle size distributions were calculated using Image J software by National Institutes of Health (version 1.52a) from the FESEM image analysis of 30 individual particles [ 42 ].…”

Pre-Evaluation of Crosslinked Anion Exchange (Cax) Resin on Nitrates Removal

“…Previously, ion exchange method can be done by using a selected base-sorbent such as silica, carbon and polymer (Subri et al, 2017). However, silica and carbon base-sorbent have showed weaknesses in the systems due to lacking in term of permeability, thermodynamically and mechanical stability (Larous et al, 2018;Fontanal et al, 2018).…”

“…Though, different precursors gave different value of SSA through hyper-crosslinking reaction. Subri et al (2017) found that hyper-crosslinking process of precursor particles from acrylonitrile (AN), divinylbenzene (DVB) and vinyl benzyl chloride (VBC) could achieved SSA up to 1078 m 2 g -1 with 4.0 nm of maximum pore size. Fontanal and his co-workers (2015) also managed to obtained SSA up to 1125 m 2 g -1 by hyper-crosslinking precursors particles from methacrylic acid (MMA), DVB and VBC.…”