Effects of Synchronicity of Carbohydrate and Protein Degradation on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Protein Synthesis

Abstract

A series of in vitro studies were carried out to determine i) the effects of enzyme and formaldehyde treatment on the degradation characteristics of carbohydrate and protein sources and on the synchronicity of these processes, and ii) the effects of synchronizing carbohydrate and protein supply on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in in vitro experiments. Untreated corn (C) and enzyme-treated corn (EC) were combined with soy bean meal with (ES) and without (S) enzyme treatment or formaldehyde treatment (FS). Six experimental feeds (CS, CES, CFS, ECS, ECES and ECFS) with different synchrony indices were prepared. Highly synchronous diets had the greatest dry matter (DM) digestibility when untreated corn was used. However, the degree of synchronicity did not influence DM digestibility when EC was mixed with various soybean meals. At time points of 12 h and 24 h of incubation, EC-containing diets showed lower ammonia-N concentrations than those of C-containing diets, irrespective of the degree of synchronicity, indicating that more efficient utilization of ammonia-N for MPS was achieved by ruminal microorganisms when EC was offered as a carbohydrate source. Within C-containing treatments, the purine base concentration increased as the diets were more synchronized. This effect was not observed when EC was offered. There were significant effects on VFA concentration of both C and S treatments and their interactions. Similar to purine concentrations, total VFA production and individual VFA concentration in the groups containing EC as an energy source was higher than those of other groups (CS, CES and CFS). The results of the present study suggested that the availability of energy or the protein source are the most limiting factors for rumen fermentation and MPS, rather than the degree of synchronicity.

Nutrient Content, Protein Fractionation, and Utilization of Some Beans as Potential Alternatives to Soybean for Ruminant Feeding

“…Such high proportion of degradable protein is not always good. When protein is rapidly degraded in the rumen, it may not synchron with the rate of energy and carbon provision for microbial protein synthesis, thus decreasing its conversion efficiency (Yang et al, 2010;Seo et al, 2013). This condition may lead to the accumulation of ammonia concentration in the rumen and blood stream, and when ammonia concentration in blood is above the threshold it may cause toxicity response (Bartley et al, 1976;Holder et al, 2013).…”

Relationship between forage neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates on ruminal fermentation products and neutral detergent fiber digestibility in goats

“…As in vitro fermentation experiments take place in closed environments, and no ammonia is absorbed through the rumen walls as it occurs in in vivo experiments, the ammonia concentration was directly related to microbial growth since it is used as a nitrogen source for microbial protein synthesis (Russell, 2002;Seo et al, 2010;Seo et al, 2013) ( Figures 1a, 2a and 3a).…”

Synchronization of Protein and Energy Supply in the Rumen to Improve Low Quality Feed Efficiency

“…Penggunaan jenis bahan pakan dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengatur rasio hijauan dan konsentrat atau melalui pemilihan bahan pakan berdasarkan tingkat degradasinya. Metode sinkronisasi suplai energi dan N di dalam rumen melalui pemilihan bahan pakan berdasarkan tingkat degradasinya telah dilakukan oleh Rotger et al (2006) dan Seo et al (2013).…”

“…Indeks sinkronisasi Indeks sinkronisasi tidak mempengaruhi kecernaan bahan kering, protein kasar, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) dan acid detergent fiber (ADF) Seo et al (2010) Indeks sinkronisasi ESPM lebih dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan energi dan protein pakan dibandingkan dengan indeks sinkronisasi Seo et al (2013) ESPM: Efisiensi sintesis protein mikroba metode untuk mendapatkan informasi fraksi bahan pakan yang cepat terlarut, fraksi bahan pakan yang potensial didegradasi dalam rumen dan laju degradasi adalah melalui teknik in-situ atau in-sacco. Preparasi sampel, karakteristik kantong nilon, prosedur inkubasi, pencucian kantong nilon, pengeringan sampel, ternak, pakan ternak dan faktor koreksi hilangnya partikel pakan yang lolos dari pori-pori kantong nilon sebelum didegradasi merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai degradasi bahan pakan (Kaswari et al 2007).…”