Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on muscle strength, walking speed and dynamic balance in aging men

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine effects of 21-week twice weekly strength (ST), endurance (ET) and combined (ST + ET 2 + 2 times a week) (SET) training on neuromuscular, endurance and walking performances as well as balance. 108 healthy men (56.3 ± 9.9 years) were divided into three training (ST; n = 30, ET; n = 26, SET; n = 31) groups and controls (C n = 21). Dynamic 1RM and explosive leg presses (1RMleg, 50%1RMleg), peak oxygen uptake using a bicycle ergometer (VO(2peak)), 10 m loaded walking time (10WALK) and dynamic balance distance (DYND) were measured. Significant increases were observed in maximal 1RMleg of 21% in ST (p < 0.001) and 22% in SET (p < 0.001) and in explosive 50%1RMleg of 7.5% in ST (p = 0.005) and 10.2% in SET (p < 0.001). VO(2peak) increased by 12.5% in ET (p = 0.001) and 9.8% in SET (p < 0.001). Significant decreases occurred in 10WALK in ST (p < 0.001) and SET (p = 0.003) and also in DYND of -10.3% in ST (p = 0.002) and -8% in SET (p = 0.028). The changes in C remained minor in all variables. In conclusion, ST and SET training produced significant improvements in maximal and explosive strength, walking speed and balance without any interference effect in SET. Significant but moderate relationships were observed between strength and dynamic balance and walking speed, while no corresponding correlations were found in the ET group.

Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

“…Thus, maximal muscle strength gains may be mediated largely by adaptations in the nervous system during the first months of RT. Indeed, this is supported by previous findings in the part of the present subjects showing significant RT-induced increases in the m.vastus lateralis and/or medialis electromyography activity (Häkkinen et al 1998;Häkkinen et al 2000a, b;Häkkinen et al 2001a, b;Holviala et al 2010;Karavirta et al 2011a;Mikkola et al 2012;Holviala et al 2012;Walker et al 2014). Interestingly, some of the present subjects respond poorly in hypertrophy (i.e., ranked to lowest quintile in muscle size changes in Fig.…”

How to simultaneously optimize muscle strength, power, functional capacity, and cardiovascular gains in the elderly: an update

“…Using similar training volumes for strength training and concurrent training groups, Karavirta et al (2009Karavirta et al ( , 2011 observed similar isometric (14-20 %) and dynamic strength gains (approximately 22 %) and similar improvements in maximal concentric power (approximately 16 %) in the study groups after 21 weeks of training twice per week in 40-67-yearold men. In other studies using similar training periodization, including intensity, volume and weekly frequency, similar strength, and power gains were observed in the strength training and concurrent training groups in older men (Holviala et al 2010(Holviala et al , 2011Sillampää et al 2008Sillampää et al , 2009a) and older women (Sillampää et al 2009b). It should be noted that in these abovementioned studies (Sillampää et al 2008;Holviala et al 2010;Karavirta et al 2011), the strength and endurance training were performed on separate days, which may have prevented the influence of the residual fatigue of one type of exercise on the subsequent performance of the other.…”

“…Twelve original research studies that investigated the effects of concurrent training in the elderly were included, and their results were described. From these studies, 10 compared the effects of concurrent training with strength training and endurance training that were performed alone (Wood et al 2001;Izquierdo et al 2004;Sillampää et al 2008Sillampää et al , 2009aCadore et al 2010Cadore et al , 2011aHolviala et al 2010Holviala et al , 2011Karavirta et al 2009Karavirta et al , 2011, and two studies compared different types of concurrent training (Cadore et al 2012a, b).…”

Adaptações neuromusculares ao treinamento de força e concorrente em homens idosos.

“…Em outros estudos utilizando periodizações de treinamento e frequência semanal similares [34][35][36][37] ganhos semelhantes de força foram observados entre o TF e TC.…”

“…Cabe salientar, não obstante, que mesmo encontrando interferência do TA nos ganhos do TF, ainda assim os incrementos na força muscular observados no grupo de TC nesse estudo foram semelhantes ou superiores aos ganhos de força observados nos estudos investigando idosos supracitados: 21 -44% 20,29,[35][36][37] , o que pode ser justificado pela maior frequência semanal (3 vezes por semana). Nesse estudo foi especulado que a fatiga resultante do TA tenha sido o fator responsável pelo efeito de interferência observado, já que o TA foi sempre executado antes do TF 15 .…”