Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

Ahtiainen, Juha P.; Walker, Simon; Peltonen, Heikki; Holviala, J.; Sillanpää, Elina; Karavirta, Laura; Sallinen, Janne; Mikkola, Jussi; Valkeinen, Heli; Mero, Antti; Hulmi, Juha J.; Häkkinen, Keijo

doi:10.1007/s11357-015-9870-1

Cited by 163 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…On the basis of the recommendations, low-load resistance training would fall under 'local muscular endurance' despite its effectiveness in increasing muscle size and strength (depending on the test) being similar to that of high-load training [1,2,5]. Considering that the change in muscle size explains only a small portion of the variance in the change in strength [10], this suggests that these strength differences are likely related to repeated motor patterns. This is likely a result of skill acquisition and/or repeated practice of the movement [11].…”

Section: The Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Strength: A Case for Multiple Methods of Measurement

et al. 2016

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Muscle strength is often measured through the performance of a one-repetition maximum (1RM). However, we that feel a true measurement of 'strength' remains elusive. For example, low-load alternatives to traditional resistance training result in muscle hypertrophic changes similar to those resulting from traditional high-load resistance training, with less robust changes observed with maximal strength measured by the 1RM. However, when strength is measured using a test to which both groups are 'naive', differences in strength become less apparent. We suggest that the 1RM is a specific skill, which will improve most when training incorporates its practice or when a lift is completed at a near-maximal load. Thus, if we only recognize increases in the 1RM as indicative of strength, we will overlook many effective and diverse alternatives to traditional high-load resistance training. We wish to suggest that multiple measurements of strength assessment be utilized in order to capture a more complete picture of the adaptation to resistance training.

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Section: The Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Strength: A Case for Multiple Methods of Measurement

et al. 2016

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“…Resistance exercise training is the most effective countermeasure to sarcopenia, is a well-established stimulus for inducing muscle fibre hypertrophy, and has been associated with increases in SC content in both young and older adults [8]. Although, resistance training-induced muscle fibre growth remains attenuated in healthy older men as compared to young adults [16,21], a recent retrospective study suggests that increases observed in muscle mass and strength in older adults are similar to those observed in young adults [17]. The information gained from this study is valuable and reinforces that older adults are able to positively respond to resistance training.…”

Section: Maximizing Sc Function In Older Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal Muscle Regeneration, Repair and Remodelling in Aging: The Importance of Muscle Stem Cells and Vascularization

et al. 2016

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Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Ultimately, sarcopenia results in the loss of independence, which imposes a large financial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. A critical facet of sarcopenia is the diminished ability for aged muscle to regenerate, repair and remodel. Over the years, research has focused on elucidating underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia and the impaired ability of muscle to respond to stimuli with aging. Muscle-specific stem cells, termed satellite cells (SC), play an important role in maintaining muscle health throughout the lifespan. It is well established that SC are essential in skeletal muscle regeneration, and it has been hypothesized that a reduction and/or dysregulation of the SC pool, may contribute to accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass that is observed with advancing age. The preservation of skeletal muscle tissue and its ability to respond to stimuli may be impacted by reduced SC content and impaired function observed with aging. Aging is also associated with a reduction in capillarization of skeletal muscle. We have recently demonstrated that the distance between type II fibre-associated SC and capillaries is greater in older compared to younger adults. The greater distance between SC and capillaries in older adults may contribute to the dysregulation in SC activation ultimately impairing muscle's ability to remodel and, in extreme circumstances, regenerate. This viewpoint will highlight the importance of optimal SC activation in addition to skeletal muscle capillarization to maximize the regenerative potential of skeletal muscle in older adults.

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“…12,18,25 One of the pillars of periodization is that the "hypertrophy" phase or day is necessary because a larger muscle is a stronger muscle. Although baseline muscle size is correlated to strength 26 , the change in muscle size with training explains only a small percentage of the variance in the change in strength with training 27 . It seems unlikely that this change in muscle size is playing a large role with the increase in strength from training, particularly in those who are already well-trained.…”

Section: Benefits For Muscular Strength?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodization: What is it good for?

Mattocks¹,

Dankel²,

Buckner³

et al. 2016

Journal of Trainology

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Resistance training increases muscle size and strength and is associated with numerous health benefits. For many, periodization serves as the cornerstone of programming for resistance training and is commonly touted in the literature as a superior method of training.Objective: To review the literature on the effects of periodization for those looking to improve muscle size and strength. Design and Methods: Non-systematic review. Research articles were collected using search terms such as linear periodization, non-linear periodization, non-periodized, undulating periodization, and strength training models.Results: Previous research has found no differences in muscle size between periodized and non-periodized training programs.Further, there are conflicting reports on what periodized program is superior for increasing muscle strength. It is our contention that the proposed superiority in strength with periodized programs is often explained by the principle of specificity. Conclusion:The use of a periodized program may be advantageous for an athlete in certain sports due to practice and competitions throughout the season. However, we wish to suggest that the proposed benefits of periodization for those only interested in increasing muscle size and strength are largely founded in conjecture and that there is little compelling evidence that periodization is a superior method of training.(Journal of Trainology 2016;5:6-12)

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Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

Cited by 163 publications

References 46 publications

Determining Strength: A Case for Multiple Methods of Measurement

Determining Strength: A Case for Multiple Methods of Measurement

Skeletal Muscle Regeneration, Repair and Remodelling in Aging: The Importance of Muscle Stem Cells and Vascularization

Periodization: What is it good for?

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