Effects of Starvation and Molting on the Metabolic Rate of the Bed Bug (<i>Cimex lectularius</i>L.)

DeVries, Zachary C.; Kells, Stephen A.; Appel, Arthur G.

doi:10.1086/679499

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Many studies on the physiological age of ticks only consider one energy source (van Es, Hillerton, & Gettinby, ; Pool et al., ); however, ticks seem to follow the canonical process of consuming lipid first and then protein reserves, suggesting that both nutrients should be considered when studying tick energetics. The low mass‐specific metabolic rate of ticks was confirmed in this study and it is possible that their inherently low metabolism is adequate for survival of extended starvation as our results suggest that ticks do not reduce rates of oxygen consumption as observed in other starved hematophagous arthropods (Bradley et al., ; DeVries et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…The ability of ticks to survive extended periods between bloodmeals has been largely attributed to low metabolic rates (Lighton & Fielden, ). A reduction in metabolic rate with starvation has been reported in several species of blood‐feeding arthropods (Bradley, Brethorst, Robinson, & Hetz, ; DeVries et al., ). However, the metabolic rate of our ticks increased 1.5‐ to 2‐fold at 12 weeks and remained relatively constant in subsequent weeks (Figure ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…This balance is critical for blood-feeding arthropods that rely on blood as the sole resource for both somatic and gametic processes (Benoit & Denlinger, 2010). Cimex and Rhodnius mitigate energetic losses by depressing metabolic rates as starvation progresses (DeVries, Kells, & Appel, 2015;Rolandi, Iglesias, & Schilman, 2014). Additionally, feeding status affects the host-seeking behaviours of a variety of other blood-feeders (Reisenman, Lee, Gregory, & Guerenstein, 2013;Takken, Van Loon, & Adam, 2001;Wang et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Progressive behavioural, physiological and transcriptomic shifts over the course of prolonged starvation in ticks

Rosendale

Dunlevy

McCue³

et al. 2019

Molecular Ecology

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Ticks are obligatorily hematophagous but spend the majority of their lives off host in an unfed state where they must resist starvation between bouts of blood feeding. Survival during these extended off‐host periods is critical to the success of these arthropods as vectors of disease; however, little is known about the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms of starvation tolerance in ticks. We examined the bioenergetic, transcriptomic and behavioural changes of female American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, throughout starvation (up to nine months post‐bloodmeal). As starvation progressed, ticks utilized glycogen and lipid, and later protein as energy reserves with proteolysis and autophagy facilitating the mobilization of endogenous nutrients. The metabolic rate of the ticks was expectedly low, but showed a slight increase as starvation progressed possibly reflecting the upregulation of several energetically costly processes such as transcription/translation and/or increases in host‐seeking behaviours. Starved ticks had higher activity levels, increased questing behaviour and augmented expression of genes related to chemosensing, immunity and salivary gland proteins. The shifts in gene expression and associated behavioural and physiological processes are critical to allowing these parasites to exploit their ecological niche as extreme sit‐and‐wait parasites. The overall responses of ticks to starvation were similar to other blood‐feeding arthropods, but we identified unique responses that could have epidemiological and ecological significance for ticks as ectoparasites that must be tolerant of sporadic feeding.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progressive behavioural, physiological and transcriptomic shifts over the course of prolonged starvation in ticks

Rosendale

Dunlevy

McCue³

et al. 2019

Molecular Ecology

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“…To overcome starvation, insects undergo various physiological changes such as behavior, development, reproduction, and metabolism. It is well-known that insects will reduce their metabolic rates during starvation to increase energy stores of glycogen and triglycerides (DE VRIES et al, 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cloning of troponin i from the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, and its expression pattern during starvation

Moon¹,

Kwon²,

Yoo³

et al. 2018

Biosci. J.

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There is few information about troponin gene expression by starvation in insect skeletal muscle and digestive tracts. The objective of this study was to perform molecular cloning of troponin I from the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (GrybiTnI) and determine its expression patterns in three different skeletal muscles and digestive tracts during starvation. GrybiTnI was translated into a protein encoding 198 amino acids with a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.78 and a molecular weight of 23671.46 Da. The GrybiTnI has both the TnC-binding site and actin/TnC-binding site shown in the typical TnI amino acid sequences. Homology analysis revealed that GrybiTnI exhibited high similarity at the amino acid level to those of other insects already reported; 89~77% identity with those of other insects. Expression of GrybiTnI by starvation did not change in dorsal wing flight muscle and dorsal ventral flight muscle, but showed up-expression in dorsal longitudinal flight muscle. In the digestive tracts, the up-expression of GrybiTnI by starvation was observed only in the hindgut but not in the rest parts including Malpighian tubules. Re-feeding following starvation restored those expressions about the level before starvation in the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle and hindgut. In conclusion, troponin modulates gene expression not only to muscle elements but also to physiological changes such as strains.

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“…The RQ of these beetles was even lower than the theoretical minimum of 0.7 predicted under pure fatty acid oxidation (Kleiber, 1961). However, RQs lower than 0.7 have often been observed in insects (e.g., Blossman-Myer & Burggren, 2010;Damcevski, Annis, & Waterford, 1998;DeVries, Kells, & Appel, 2015;Rouland, Brauman, Labat, & Lepage, 1993;Vogt & Appel, 1999) and are predicted to occur under starvation when, for example, a net synthesis of ketone bodies from fat may occur (Schutz & Ravussin, 1980). Alternatively, the low RQ may reflect a need to avoid dehydration by generating metabolic water late in life through desaturation of fatty acids, which consumes oxygen to form water but produces no carbon dioxide (Lopez-Martinez et al, 2009;Owen, Smalley, D'Alessio, Mozzoli, & Dawson, 1998).…”

Section: The Use Of Respiratory Substratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pace‐of‐life: A sex‐specific link between metabolic rate and life history in bean beetles

et al. 2017

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Metabolic rate (MR) is a key functional trait simply because metabolism converts resources into population growth rate. Yet, our empirical understanding of the sources of within species variation in MR, as well as of its life history and ecological correlates, is rather limited. Here, we assess whether MR lies at the root of a syndrome of correlated rate‐dependent life‐history traits in an insect. Selection for early (E) or late (L) age‐at‐reproduction for >160 generations in the bean beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus has produced beetles that differ markedly in juvenile development, body size, fecundity schedules, ageing and life span. Here, we use micro‐respirometry to test whether this has been associated with the evolution of age‐ and sex‐specific metabolic phenotypes. We find that mass‐specific MR is 18% higher in E lines compared to L lines and that MR decreases more rapidly with chronological, but not biological, age in E lines. Males, under sexual selection to “live‐fast‐die‐young”, show 50% higher MR than females and MR decreased more rapidly with age in males. Our results are consistent with a central role for MR for the divergence in “pace‐of‐life” seen in these beetles, supporting the view that MR lies at the root of ecologically relevant life‐history trait variation within species. A http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12927/suppinfo is available for this article.

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Effects of Starvation and Molting on the Metabolic Rate of the Bed Bug (Cimex lectulariusL.)

Cited by 31 publications

References 47 publications

Progressive behavioural, physiological and transcriptomic shifts over the course of prolonged starvation in ticks

Progressive behavioural, physiological and transcriptomic shifts over the course of prolonged starvation in ticks

Molecular cloning of troponin i from the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, and its expression pattern during starvation

The pace‐of‐life: A sex‐specific link between metabolic rate and life history in bean beetles

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