Effects of Silicon Compounds on Biomineralization, Osteogenesis, and Hard Tissue Formation

Abstract

Bioinspired stem cell-based hard tissue engineering includes numerous aspects: The synthesis and fabrication of appropriate scaffold materials, their analytical characterization, and guided osteogenesis using the sustained release of osteoinducing and/or osteoconducting drugs for mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, growth, and proliferation. Here, the effect of silicon- and silicate-containing materials on osteogenesis at the molecular level has been a particular focus within the last decade. This review summarizes recently published scientific results, including material developments and analysis, with a special focus on silicon hybrid bone composites. First, the sources, bioavailability, and functions of silicon on various tissues are discussed. The second focus is on the effects of calcium-silicate biomineralization and corresponding analytical methods in investigating osteogenesis and bone formation. Finally, recent developments in the manufacturing of Si-containing scaffolds are discussed, including in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as recently filed patents that focus on the influence of silicon on hard tissue formation.

Polysaccharide-Based Systems for Targeted Stem Cell Differentiation and Bone Regeneration

“…Although the biological role of silicon is yet not understood in detail, in vitro and in vivo results evidence the beneficial role of Si on bone metabolism and homeostasis by promoting osteoblastic activity and inhibiting the activity of macrophages and osteoclasts [142]. Accordingly, the use of silica and silicate-based materials like bioactive glasses (BG) for BTE applications is investigated for decades.…”

Titrimetric method determination of the content of the mass part of siliciumin feed additives

“…Experimental studies on chickens with artificial restriction of silicium in the diet, found that silicium deficient animals differed underdevelopment of the bones, articular cartilage, reduced water content in bone tissue and reduced concentration of hexosamines in cartilage. It has also been shown that in the early stages of bone tissue calcification, when the level of calcium in osteoid tissue is low, the ratio between the level of calcium and silicium is significant (Götz et al, 2019;Jugdaohsingh et al, 2015;Kotsiumbas et al, 2018). It should be noted that one of the most important functions of silicium is its ability to form electronically-charged colloidal systems that have absorptive properties, that is, can "attach" viruses and pathogens.…”

“…Silicium is a necessary element for the normal development and formation of cartilage and bone tissue, normal metabolism of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, macro-and trace elements, vitamins (Nielsen, 2014;Gotz et al, 2019). The main function of this trace element is to participate in intermediate metabolism reactions, as a catalyst for the activation of cellular energy exchange reactions, as well as an element of collagen, the main cartilage protein (Götz et al, 2019;Rodella et al, 2014). In particular, as a necessary element, silicium is located in the middle of active bone cells -osteoblasts, which synthesize the organic matrix and modify the processes of tissue calcification.…”

Optimizing the Design of Diatom Biosilica-Targeted Fusion Proteins in Biosensor Construction for Bacillus anthracis Detection

“…Acid washed diatom frustules resemble de novo assembled mesoporous silica nanoparticles [7,8]. Whether bioinspired or diatom-derived, these silicate structures can be chemically modified for a wide variety of uses, such as biomedical applications [9] (e.g., cell scaffolding [10,11] and drug delivery [12,13]) or biomass conversion [14]. One attractive method for functionalizing diatom biosilica is through genetic engineering of diatoms, whereby a biosilica-targeting protein or a derivative peptide thereof is fused to a protein of interest that is to be embedded into the biosilica through in vivo self-assembly.…”