Effects of PRRSV Infection on the Porcine Thymus

Gang, Wang; Yu, Ying; Cai, Xuehui; Zhou, En‐Min; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J.

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.009

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…PRRSV is an arteritis virus with a capsule ( Karl-Klaus, Nico, et al, 1993 ). It is one of the most serious diseases faced by the global pig industry and causes huge losses to the pig industry every year ( Li et al, 2021 ; Wang, Yu, Cai, Zhou, & Zimmerman, 2020 ).…”

Section: Ade Of Representative Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody dependent enhancement: Unavoidable problems in vaccine development

et al. 2021

Advances in Immunology

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Section: Ade Of Representative Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody dependent enhancement: Unavoidable problems in vaccine development

et al. 2021

Advances in Immunology

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“…However, coinfection prolonged both the body weight gain (19 dpi) and the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages which continued to decrease at 13 dpi and 16 dpi, indicating that the virus co-exist has eventually interfere with the body function. Pigs are less able to resist and eliminate secondary infectious agents due to the effect of PRRSV on the thymus [31]. The co-infection of PRRSV and PCV2 may aggravate this phenomenon.…”

Section: Effects Of Matrine On the Proliferation Of Splenic Lymphocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrine exhibits antiviral activity in a PRRSV/PCV2 co-infected mouse model

Sun

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundPRRSV and PCV2 co-infection is very common in swine industry which results in huge economic losses worldwide. Although vaccination is used to prevent viral diseases, immunosuppression induced by PRRSV and PCV2 leads to vaccine failure. Our previous results have demonstrated that Matrine possessed antiviral activities against PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection in vitro. To establish a PRRSV/PCV2 co-infected KM mouse model and evaluate the antiviral activities of Matrine against PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection. A total of 144 KM mice were randomly divided into six groups with 24 mice in each group, named as: normal control, PRRSV/PCV2 co-infected group (PRRSV/PCV2 group), Ribavirin treatment positive control (Ribavirin control) and Matrine treatment groups (Matrine 40 mg/kg, Matrine 20 mg/kg and Matrine 10 mg/kg). Except normal control group, all mice in other five groups were inoculated with PRRSV, followed by PCV2 at 2 h later. At 7 days post-infection (dpi), mice in the treatment groups were intraperitoneally administered with various doses of Matrine and Ribavirin, twice a day for 5 consecutive days. ResultsPRRSV N and PCV2 CAP genes were detected by PCR in multiple tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, thymus and inguinal lymph nodes. The viral load of PCV2 was the highest in liver followed by thymus and spleen. Although PRRSV were detected in most of the tissues, but the replication of PRRSV was not significantly increased, as shown by qPCR analysis. Comparing with PCV2 infection alone, PRRSV infection significantly elevated PCV2 replication and also exacerbated PCV2 induced interstitial pneumonia. qPCR analysis demonstrated that 40 mg/ml Matrine significantly attenuated PCV2 replication in liver and alleviated virus induced interstitial pneumonia, suggesting that Matrine could directly inhibit virus replication. In addition, Matrine treatment enhanced peritoneal macrophages phagocytosis at 13 and 16 dpi, and 40 mg/kg of Matrine increased the proliferation activity of lymphocytes. Body weight gain was continuously promoted by administrating Matrine at 10 mg/kg.ConclusionMatrine possessed antiviral activities via inhibiting virus replication and regulating immune functions in mice co-infected by PRRSV/PCV2. These data provide new insight into controlling PRRSV and PCV2 infection and support further the research for developing Matrine as a new possible veterinary medicine.

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“…At the level of adaptive immune responses to PRRSV, pigs can mount a protective immune response, mainly against similar virus strains; but this virus is described to induce both delayed and weak neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses ( 1 , 6 ). There are probably a multitude of factors that contribute to the observed slow development of adaptive immune responses; these include epitope shielding by heavy glycosylation of the viral surface proteins, a possible involvement of regulatory T cells, the observation that PRRSV targets the thymus, and last but not least its interaction with the monocyte-macrophage system ( 1 , 7 – 9 ). Nevertheless, it is still an enigma to precisely define what makes PRRSV so difficult to be controlled by the immune system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systems Immunology Analyses Following Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus Infection and Vaccination

Bocard¹,

Kick

Hug³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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This study was initiated to better understand the nature of innate immune responses and the relatively weak and delayed immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Following modified live virus (MLV) vaccination or infection with two PRRSV-2 strains, we analyzed the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected before and at three and seven days after vaccination or infection. We used blood transcriptional modules (BTMs)-based gene set enrichment analyses. BTMs related to innate immune processes were upregulated by PRRSV-2 strains but downregulated by MLV. In contrast, BTMs related to adaptive immune responses, in particular T cells and cell cycle, were downregulated by PRRSV-2 but upregulated by MLV. In addition, we found differences between the PRRSV strains. Only the more virulent strain induced a strong platelet activation, dendritic cell activation, interferon type I and plasma cell responses. We also calculated the correlations of BTM with the neutralizing antibody and the T-cell responses. Early downregulation (day 0–3) of dendritic cell and B-cell BTM correlated to both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Furthermore, a late (day 3–7) upregulation of interferon type I modules strongly correlated to helper and regulatory T-cell responses, while inflammatory BTM upregulation correlated more to CD8 T-cell responses. BTM related to T cells had positive correlations at three days but negative associations at seven days post-infection. Taken together, this work contributes to resolve the complexity of the innate and adaptive immune responses against PRRSV and indicates a fundamentally different immune response to the less immunogenic MLV compared to field strains which induced robust adaptive immune responses. The identified correlates of T-cell responses will facilitate a rational approach to improve the immunogenicity of MLV.

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Effects of PRRSV Infection on the Porcine Thymus

Cited by 37 publications

References 97 publications

Antibody dependent enhancement: Unavoidable problems in vaccine development

Antibody dependent enhancement: Unavoidable problems in vaccine development

Matrine exhibits antiviral activity in a PRRSV/PCV2 co-infected mouse model

Systems Immunology Analyses Following Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus Infection and Vaccination

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