“…In recent years, processing of materials via different severe plastic deformation (SPD) procedures (e.g., equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) [1,2], high pressure torsion (HPT) [3,4], friction stir processing (FSP) [5][6][7][8], accumulative back extrusion (ABE) [9][10][11][12], etc.) has been viewed as an effective method to produce high-strength ultrafine-grained materials, and has driven significant metallurgical researches.…”