Effects of Midgut Bacteria and Two Protease Inhibi Tors on the Reproductive Potential and Midgut Enzymes of Culex Pipiens Infected with Wuchereria Bancrofti

Effect of Some Plant Extracts on The Biochemical Parameters, AChE and GST Activities of The Mosquito, Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae)

“…Common control methods, which largely rely on chemical insecticides, are not always effective due to the prevalent resistance of the mosquitoes to these insecticides. In addition, chemical insecticides have adverse effects on the environment, health and food chain through biomagnification of chemicals to the levels that exceed normal (Hassan et al, 2003;Kumar et al, 2012;Fouda et al, 2013;Hassan et al, 2013).…”

Antimicrobial and antiviral activity of maggots extracts of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

“…In insects, antimicrobial peptides/polypeptides are mainly synthesized in the fat body and released into hemolymph where they play the crucial role in innate immune system and host defence mechanisms (Fouda et al 2013), with a broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (Hoffmann 1995;Hoffmann et al 1996;Januszanis et al 2012). Hou et al (2007) reported the possibility of antimicrobial activity of insects' body extracts to ascertain phylogenetic patterns among insect species.…”

Effectiveness evaluation of Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) maggots extracts as antimicrobial and antiviral agent

“…Insects are known to possess well developed immune system that forms a potent defense against any invading bacteria (Gotz and Boman, 1985;kimbrell, 1991;Hasaballah 2018). In cellular immunity, mechanisms such as phagocytosis and encapsulation are operative (Boman and Hultmark, 1987), while humoral responses mainly involve the production of a variety of antibacterial and antifungal proteins that are induced or increased in response to infection (Abraham et al 1995).…”

“…The field of natural product discovery has undergone a tremendous development over the past few decades due to the consequence of several new and revolutionizing drug discovery and development techniques (Fouda et al, 2013;Hassan et al,2013;Hasaballah, 2015;Wohlleben et al,2016). Insects are the largest group of the still existing organisms, their individual number account for as much as 80% of all known fauna and considered a large, unexplored and unexploited source of potentially useful compounds for modern medicine due to their mode of action of non-selective interaction with microbes' cell surface membranes (Leem et al,1999;Pemberton, 1999;Hancock and Rozek, 2002;Zasloff, 2002;Boman, 2003;Bulet et al,2004).…”