Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women.

Linz, Daniel; Donnerstein, Edward; Penrod, Steven D.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.758

Cited by 234 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Similarly, Malamuth and Check (1981) found an increased acceptance of physical aggression toward women by college men several days after they had watched violent sex scenes. Linz (1988) and colleagues report similar findings of desensitization to violent 'slasher' films.…”

Section: Experiments On Emotional Desensitizationsupporting

confidence: 63%

Why Observing Violence Increases the Risk of Violent Behavior By the Observer

Huesmann¹,

Kirwil²

2007

The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression

136

144

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OverviewSevere violent behavior is almost always the product of predisposing individual differences and precipitating situational factors (Huesmann, 1998). One important environmental experience that contributes both to predisposing a person to behave more violently in the long run and to precipitating violent behavior in the short run is exposure to violence. Psychological theories that have emerged over the past few decades now explain the short-term precipitating effects mostly in terms of priming, simple imitation, and excitation transfer. However, the long-term predisposing effects involve more complex processes of observational learning of cognitions and of emotional desensitization.In this chapter these theories are elaborated, and the compelling empirical evidence in support of these theories from experiments and longitudinal field studies is reviewed. We explain why the processes operate equally well from exposure to reallife violence or exposure to dramatic violence in the mass media. We focus particularly on the role of low emotional arousal and diminished emotional reactions to violence as consequences of exposure to violence and precursors of violent behavior. We argue that anticipated emotional responses play an important role in the cognitive processing that controls violent behavior. Abnormal violent behavior is not viewed as a consequence of "deficient" processing, but rather as a consequence of "different" processing.

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Section: Experiments On Emotional Desensitizationsupporting

confidence: 63%

Why Observing Violence Increases the Risk of Violent Behavior By the Observer

Huesmann¹,

Kirwil²

2007

The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression

136

144

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…People high on rape myth acceptance frequently fail to acknowledge that descriptions fitting the legal definition of rape are in fact examples of rape (e.g., Fischer, 1986;Norris & Cubbins, 1992). Furthermore, studies have generally found that people high (vs. low) on rape myth acceptance assign less responsibility and blame to perpetrators (Check & Malamuth, 1985;Quackenbush, 1989), and more responsibility and blame to victims of rape (e.g., Blumberg & Lester, 1991;Check & Malamuth, 1985;Jenkins & Dambrot, 1987;Linz, Donnerstein, & Adams, 1989;Linz, Donnerstein, & Penrod, 1988;Muehlenhard & MacNaughton, 1988). In short, rape myth acceptance is a reliable predictor of various reactions to rape incidents.…”

Section: Rape Myth Acceptancementioning

confidence: 99%

Rape Victim Blaming as System Justification: The Role of Gender and Activation of Complementary Stereotypes

2010

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This research examined reactions towards female rape victims from a system justification perspective. Study 1 demonstrated that gender-related system justification motivation (Modern Sexism) predicted the propensity to blame a female rape victim among men, but not among women. Modern sexism predicted rape victim blaming among men even when statistically controlling for a general antipathy towards women, and the results were unaffected by social desirability concerns. Consistent with previous study on system justification theory, we demonstrated in Study 2 that system justification motivation can predict victim blaming also among women, provided that complementary stereotypes about women have been activated. By contrast, system justification motivation predicted men's propensity to blame a rape victim irrespective of whether complementary stereotypes about women had been experimentally activated.

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“…3,56 Titillating violence in sexual contexts and comic violence are particularly dangerous, because they associate positive feelings with hurting others. 57,58 One study of nearly 32 000 teenagers in 8 different countries, for example, revealed that heavy television-viewing was associated with bullying. 59 In addition to modeling violent behavior, entertainment media inflate the prevalence of violence in the world, cultivating in viewers the "meanworld" syndrome, a perception of the world as a dangerous place.…”

Section: Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Media Violence

Fuld¹,

Mulligan²,

Altmann³

et al. 2009

Pediatrics

146

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Exposure to violence in media, including television, movies, music, and video games, represents a significant risk to the health of children and adolescents. Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed. Pediatricians should assess their patients' level of media exposure and intervene on mediarelated health risks. Pediatricians and other child health care providers can advocate for a safer media environment for children by encouraging media literacy, more thoughtful and proactive use of media by children and their parents, more responsible portrayal of violence by media producers, and more useful and effective media ratings. Office counseling has been shown to be effective. Pediatrics 2009;124: 1495-1503 INTRODUCTIONAlthough shootings in schools around the world periodically prompt politicians and the general public to focus their attention on the influence of media violence, the medical community has been concerned with this issue since the 1950s. 1-3 The evidence is now clear and convincing: media violence is 1 of the causal factors of real-life violence and aggression. Therefore, pediatricians and parents need to take action. 4 In 1972, the US Surgeon General issued a special report on the public health effects of media violence that was based on a growing and nearly unanimous body of evidence. 5 Ten years later, the National Institute of Mental Health issued a comprehensive review of the research on media violence and its effects, which outlined concerns about children's psychological health. 6 At a Congressional public health summit in July 2000, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) was joined by the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the American Psychological Association in issuing an unprecedented joint statement on the impact of entertainment violence on children. 7 Also in 2000, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a report on shootings in schools that stated that media violence is a risk factor. 8 In 2003, a panel of media-violence experts convened by the National Institute of Mental Health, at the request of the US Surgeon General, published its comprehensive report on the effects of media violence on youth, which revealed media violence to be a significant causal factor in aggression and violence. 9 Most recently, in 2007, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released its report on violent television programming and its effects on children and agreed with the Surgeon General that there is "strong evidence" that exposure to media violence can increase aggressive behavior in

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Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women.

Cited by 234 publications

References 36 publications

Why Observing Violence Increases the Risk of Violent Behavior By the Observer

Why Observing Violence Increases the Risk of Violent Behavior By the Observer

Rape Victim Blaming as System Justification: The Role of Gender and Activation of Complementary Stereotypes

Media Violence

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