“…Sprawling development is documented to have adverse impacts on, for example, energy consumption (Glaeser and Kahn, 2010;Proque et al, 2020), productivity (Fallah et al, 2011), social issues (Ewing et al, 2016;Solé-Ollé and Rico, 2008) and equality (Lee et al, 2018). When considering the development of new highways in urban areas such as the JMA, policymakers should be aware of the indirect impacts of their investments on urban development and, thus, incorporate them in their cost-benefit analyses.…”