Evidence of a causal relationship between individual education and religiosity is limited in developing countries  We use the 1978 education reform in Indonesia to examine the impact of completed years of education on religiosity in later life  An additional year of schooling reduces self-reported religiousness and solitary religious acts  It also reduces the influence of religious factors on voting when they elect the local leaders and the president  Reform, which promotes the access to education, may have an externality on the political economy in Islamic countries.

Indonesia has serious traffic jams. This study uses data from 19 Indonesian toll roads over 2008-2015 to calculate the effects of Indonesia's historic recent fuel subsidy reforms on motor vehicle travel. The timing of the reforms was determined by budgetary and political factors, providing a suitable setting for estimating a causal effect. We control for a broad set of other factors potentially influencing traffic flows. Estimates using monthly data suggest an immediate fuel price elasticity of motor vehicle flows on the roads in our study of -0.1, increasing to -0.2 when responses over a year are considered. We estimate that Indonesia's fuel subsidy reforms of 2013 and 2014 had reduced traffic pressure on these roads in the second half of 2015 by around 10% relative to the counterfactual without reform. A move to an adequate fuel excise system could contribute to more free-flowing traffic, while generating revenue for infrastructure and other investment.

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In addition to solving the problem of water shortage for irrigation, energy and consumption, thepolicy of building large dam is also expected to improve population-welfare. However, previousstudies suggest that people living near dams have less benefit from the existence of large dam. Thisstudy aims to provide empirical evidence the effect of large dam development on welfare tohousehold living in sub-districts around large dam placement using National Socio-EconomicSurvey (SUSENAS) data in 2013-2018 from Central Bureau of Statistics and spatial large dam datain Indonesia. Estimated results indicate that addition large dam tend to be negatively correlated by2.4-3.1 % with household consumption implying a tendency of decreasing welfare in localhouseholds. Estimated findings using Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014 shownegative correlation likely to be caused by lower agricultural productivity and work activity. Thisresult show there are economic agents who suffer from large water - infrastructure especiallyhouseholds living in sub-districts close to the dam.

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