Effects of Kyoto Protocol on CO2 Emissions: A Five-Country Rolling Regression Analysis

Abstract

The current study illustrated the time variance of turning points in the relationship between carbon emissions and income to resolve heated debate on the different responsibility to climate change with 1950–2010 data of five development diversity countries—three developed countries (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and one developing country (India) and one newly industrialized economy (Taiwan). The article also examines the impact of the crisis on emission. The time-varying patterns in the turning points on environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs) were observed by a rolling regression technique with 1950–2010 data regarding the per capita CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel combustion and the incomes of the countries. Several empirical findings were revealed from this analysis. Per capita CO2 emissions commonly decreased with varying magnitudes in the five countries over time. The EKC hypothesis regarding the CO2 emissions is affirmed again in this study. The announcement effects associated with the Kyoto Protocol was evidenced. As indicated by the occurring GDP of the turning point, there is a strong reduction trend in the income level of the turning points right before the years of Kyoto Protocol; and this decreasing trend nearly ended as the Kyoto protocol approached its end, except in Germany, where the occurring income of the turning points continued to have a decreasing trend. Although the global financial crisis had its effects in the world, the impacts on carbon dioxide emissions vary across countries.

Does the Clean Development Mechanism Exist in Developing Countries After an International Agreement?

“…Meanwhile, for developing countries that benefited from geographic location and rely a lot on the agricultural sector, CO 2 emissions could be minimized. Study Wang et al (2019) states that CO 2 emissions tend to be high in countries that are the industrialbased economy, while India, which represents developing countries, is found to have the ability to reduce emissions by relying on low carbon-based industry. One of the reasons developed countries have a more prominent tendency of pollution concentration and inefficiency is temporary mismanagement in developing countries because of technological gaps (Soares et al, 2018).…”

“…So, they prefer to leave the open options and therefore do not agree to direct emission reductions (Truong, 2010). Several conditions in some countries after the Kyoto agreement were disclosed by Wang et al (2019). CO 2 emissions in Taiwan have increased sharply in line with the rapid growth of the manufacturing industry.…”

Electrochemical Performance of Cupric Oxide Loaded Carbon Nanotubes as Electrode Material for CO2 Reduction

“…A need for sufficient and clean energy resources is crucial to control the CO2 emissions [1,2]. Many efforts have been carried out to transform fossil fuel to renewable energy sources to meet social, environmental, and economic targets set in the Kyoto protocol [3]. The conversion of CO2 is one of the most useful ways to utilize renewables energy to convert the CO2 into valuable hydrocarbons and alcohol [4,5].…”

Energy and exergy analyses of fabricated solar drying system with smooth and rough surfaces at different conditions: A case study

“…and also due to the limited sources of fossil fuels on the earth. According to Kyoto Protocol, 1,2 in some countries, the emission of six major dangerous gases must be reduced, that is, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. So, the researchers from all our the world are continuously working to the reduce the emission and enhance the use of nonconventional energy sources.…”