Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans

Tinsley, Grant M.; Bounty, Paul M. La

doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv041

Cited by 252 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…During the last decade the health‐promoting and life‐extending effects of a wide variety of variants of a standard CR diet have been examined in both humans and models species 29, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62. The major differences between the dietary variants of intermittent calorie restriction are (1) the extent of calorie reduction varying from complete fasting to a mild decrease in calorie intake and (2) the time window when the fasting/CR is applied in combination with the period in between the fasting/CR cycles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent calorie restriction largely counteracts the adverse health effects of a moderate‐fat diet in aging C57BL/6J mice

Lute

Boekschoten

Dijk

et al. 2017

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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ScopeCalorie restriction (CR) has been shown to extend life‐ and health‐span in model species. For most humans, a life‐long CR diet is too arduous to adhere to. The aim of this study was to explore whether weekly intermittent CR can (1) provide long‐term beneficial effects and (2) counteract diet‐induced obesity in male aging mice.Methods and resultsIn this study, we have exposed C57Bl/6J mice for 24 months to an intermittent (INT) diet, alternating weekly between CR of a control diet and ad libitum moderate‐fat (MF) feeding. This weekly intermittent CR significantly counteracted the adverse effects of the MF diet on mortality, body weight, and liver health markers in 24‐month‐old male mice. Hepatic gene expression profiles of INT‐exposed animals appeared much more comparable to CR‐ than to MF‐exposed mice. At 12 months of age, a subgroup of MF‐exposed mice was transferred to the INT diet. Gene expression profiles in the liver of the 24‐month‐old diet switch mice were highly similar to the INT‐exposed mice. However, a small subset of genes was consistently changed by the MF diet during the first phase of life.ConclusionWeekly intermittent CR largely, but not completely, reversed adverse effects caused by a MF diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent calorie restriction largely counteracts the adverse health effects of a moderate‐fat diet in aging C57BL/6J mice

Lute

Boekschoten

Dijk

et al. 2017

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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show abstract

“…The most studied IF regimen has been alternate days of 70% CR, a modified form of ADF. Most studies of ADF summarized in recent reviews show benefits in terms of reductions in weight (−3 to −7%), body fat (3 −5.5 kg), total serum cholesterol(−10 to −21%) and triglycerides (−14 to −42) (Tinsley and La Bounty, 2015), as well as improvements in glucose homeostasis (Seimon et al, 2015). However the lack of a CER comparator in most of these studies means again, we cannot determine if these effects are a function of the overall energy restriction/weight loss or a specific effect of the IF regimen.…”

Section: If In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes

Mattson

Longo

Harvie

2017

Ageing Research Reviews

752

568

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Humans in modern societies typically consume food at least three times daily, while laboratory animals are fed ad libitum. Overconsumption of food with such eating patterns often leads to metabolic morbidities (insulin resistance, excessive accumulation of visceral fat, etc.), particularly when associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Because animals, including humans, evolved in environments where food was relatively scarce, they developed numerous adaptations that enabled them to function at a high level, both physically and cognitively, when in a food-deprived/fasted state. Intermittent fasting (IF) encompasses eating patterns in which individuals go extended time periods (e.g., 16–48h) with little or no energy intake, with intervening periods of normal food intake, on a recurring basis. We use the term periodic fasting (PF) to refer to IF with periods of fasting or fasting mimicking diets lasting from 2 to as many as 21 or more days. In laboratory rats and mice IF and PF have profound beneficial effects on many different indices of health and, importantly, can counteract disease processes and improve functional outcome in experimental models of a wide range of age-related disorders including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease and stroke. Studies of IF (e.g., 60% energy restriction on 2 days per week or every other day), PF (e.g., a 5 day diet providing 750–1100 kcal) and time-restricted feeding (TRF; limiting the daily period of food intake to 8 h or less) in normal and overweight human subjects have demonstrated efficacy for weight loss and improvements in multiple health indicators including insulin resistance and reductions in risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which IF improves health and counteracts disease processes involve activation of adaptive cellular stress response signaling pathways that enhance mitochondrial health, DNA repair and autophagy. PF also promotes stem cell-based regeneration as well as long-lasting metabolic effects. Randomized controlled clinical trials of IF versus PF and isoenergetic continuous energy restriction in human subjects will be required to establish the efficacy of IF in improving general health, and preventing and managing major diseases of aging.

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“…Indeed, several clinical studies have showed CR approaches, utilizing IF, to be effective in reducing body weight (BW), total (TBF) and abdominal (ABF) fat mass (including visceral adipose tissue, VAT) while positively influencing inflammatory and adipokine biomarkers in overweight/obese subjects [14,15,16]. A longer study lasting 12 to 24 weeks showed IF to reduce body weight (3%–9%) and body fat, and favorably alter cardiometabolic parameters [17]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly in Obese Men and Women during Weight Loss and Sustains Efficacy during Long-Term Weight Maintenance

Arciero

Edmonds

et al. 2016

Nutrients

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Short-Term protein-pacing (P; ~6 meals/day, >30% protein/day) and caloric restriction (CR, ~25% energy deficit) improves total (TBF), abdominal (ABF) and visceral (VAT) fat loss, energy expenditure, and biomarkers compared to heart healthy (HH) recommendations (3 meals/day, 15% protein/day) in obese adults. Less is known whether obese men and women respond similarly to P-CR during weight loss (WL) and whether a modified P-CR (mP-CR) is more efficacious than a HH diet during long-term (52 week) weight maintenance (WM). The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of: (1) P-CR on TBF, ABF, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and biomarkers between obese men and women during WL (weeks 0–12); and (2) mP-CR compared to a HH diet during WM (weeks 13–64). During WL, men (n = 21) and women (n = 19) were assessed for TBF, ABF, VAT, RMR, and biomarkers at weeks 0 (pre) and 12 (post). Men and women had similar reductions (p < 0.01) in weight (10%), TBF (19%), ABF (25%), VAT (33%), glucose (7%–12%), insulin (40%), leptin (>50%) and increase in % lean body mass (9%). RMR (kcals/kg bodyweight) was unchanged and respiratory quotient decreased 9%. Twenty-four subjects (mP-CR, n = 10; HH, n = 14) completed WM. mP-CR regained significantly less body weight (6%), TBF (12%), and ABF (17%) compared to HH (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate P-CR enhances weight loss, body composition and biomarkers, and maintains these changes for 52-weeks compared to a traditional HH diet.

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Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans

Cited by 252 publications

References 58 publications

Intermittent calorie restriction largely counteracts the adverse health effects of a moderate‐fat diet in aging C57BL/6J mice

Intermittent calorie restriction largely counteracts the adverse health effects of a moderate‐fat diet in aging C57BL/6J mice

Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes

Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly in Obese Men and Women during Weight Loss and Sustains Efficacy during Long-Term Weight Maintenance

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