Effects of Humic Substances and Phenolic Compounds on the In Vitro Toxicity of Aluminium

Association mechanism between a series of rodenticide and humic acid: A frontal analysis to support the biological data

“…This HA protection effect was in contrast to a previous observation of our group demonstrating that the more the rodenticide associated with HA, the more the rodenticide was toxic for the human keratinocytes (HaCat) [17]. This toxicity of rodenticide in the presence of HA toward HaCat suggested that the latter cells may incorporate the rodenticide humate chelate by phagocytosis which facilitated the enzymatic lysis of the rodenticide humate chelates in the food vacuoles and the liberation of rodenticide under a free (unbound) and toxic form into the cells [17,22]. The opposite results observed in the present study when using the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 suggest that the presence of HA culture medium led to an increase of stable rodenticide humate chelates (bound rodenticide) which cannot enter into cells.…”

“…In many biological models, the toxicity of the solute or the metal ions is related to the concentration of the free forms (i.e. uncomplexed) in the culture medium [8][9][10]. According to this theory, addition of humic acid to the cellular culture medium led to an increase of stable rodenticide humate chelates which cannot enter into cells and consequently the solute toxicity decreased [8].…”

“…However, several papers showed a solute toxicity increase with presence of HA in the culture medium [11]. Therefore, determination of the association constant of drugs on HA is important for cytotoxicity studies [8][9][10][11]. In general, hydrophobic drugs such as rodenticides are bound to HA with high affinity.…”

Rodenticide–humic acid adsorption mechanisms and role of humic acid on their toxicity on human keratinocytes: chromatographic approach to support the biological data

“…Addition of humic acid to the cellular culture medium led to an increase of stable rodenticide humate chelates which cannot enter into cells and consequently the solute toxicity decreased [42]. According to Sauvant et al [44], a solute toxicity increase with humic acid can be explained because HaCaT may incorporate the rodenticide humate chelate by phagocytosis rather than by simple membrane diffusion. Thus, a rodenticide bioconcentration was induced which facilitated the enzymatic lysis of the rodenticide humate chelates in the food vacuoles and the liberation of rodenticide under a free and toxic form into the cells.…”

Amperometric Flow‐Injection Determination of Phenolic Compounds Using a Biosensor with Immobilized Laccase, Peroxidase and Tyrosinase

“…Phenolic compounds represent a large group of organic pollutants widely spread in the environment as a result of their industrial applications (petroleum, pulp and paper industry, productions of plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticals [9]) and decomposition of many natural compounds as humic substances [10], lignin [11] and tannins [12]. Certain Scheme 1.…”