Effects of heated water-based exercise on blood pressure: a systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: Systemic arterial hypertension is one of the main cardiovascular risk factors affecting several population. In this context, heated water-based exercise has emerged as a potential alternative to land- based physical exercise to reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. Objective: To systematically synthesize evidence for the lowering effects of heated water-based exercise on BP in a non-specific population. Methods: Scielo, Pubmed and Scopus electronic databases were searched for studies from 2005 to 2016, with the following descriptors in English: “blood pressure, exercise, immersion, blood pressure and hydrotherapy”. A total of 10,461 articles were found and, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 articles were selected and included in the final analysis. All included articles evaluated individuals from different populations and age groups, submitted to a heated water-based exercise session and/or program. Results: The results suggest that both an acute single session and chronic training period (12 to 24 weeks) of heated water-based exercise may reduce BP in different populations (normotensive, hypertensive, postmenopausal women, and heart transplant populations). The magnitude and duration of acute and chronic hypotensive effect of exercise ranged substantially, which was probably due to the variety of exercise frequency, duration and intensity, as well as due to the studied population. Conclusion: These results suggest that heated water-based exercise may promote acute and chronic hypotensive effects in different populations. However, there is no homogeneity in the protocols used, which may have led to the heterogeneity in magnitude and duration of BP reductions.

Physiological effects of land and water treadmill exercise in dogs

“…during the experimental period, all animals were subjected to IET on the underwater treadmill (Group I) and the dry land treadmill (Group II), obeying the minimum interval of 48 h between sessions so as not to impair the performance of the animals in each modality (BElFORT et al, 2018). For Group I, the water for the treadmill was heated to 32 ºC (NGOMANE et al, 2018), and the depth was at the level of the greater trochanter of the femur (BElFORT et al, 2018) (Figure 1).…”

“…The activity on the underwater treadmill and the dry land treadmill did not cause significant alterations in the SBP of the animals. The literature describes the influence of activity in water to reduce blood pressure in humans and animals; however, such an effect is more effectively obtained by performing the activity at higher temperatures (32-40 ºC), due to peripheral vasodilation caused by heated water (lEVINE et al, 2014;NGANVONGPANIT et al, 2014;NGOMANE et al, 2018).…”

“…Activity on an underwater treadmill presents several indications for dogs, such as an increase in muscle mass and an improvement in the quality of life of overweight or cardiopathic animals (XAVIER et al, 2018). In contrast, land-based activity is often indicated to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and prevent loss of lean body mass, especially for overweight or hypertensive patients, resistance training, Ciência Rural, v.52, n.9, 2022. and sports performance improvement (VITGER et al, 2016;NGOMANE et al, 2018). However, the ideal training load to be applied in the canine species remains unknown once most of the workload applied in training protocols is determined by the response of the animals (PEllEGRINO et al, 2014;IMPEllIZZERI et al, 2018;OROZCO et al, 2021).…”

Análise Das Ações Desenvolvidas Para Promover a Qualidade De Vida De Pessoas Com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica: Uma Revisão Integrativa

“…Por se tratar, na maioria das vezes, de uma patologia assintomática, torna-se ainda mais grave, por ser um importante FR para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) 10 . Nos Estados Unidos, as DCV são responsáveis por um milhão de mortes por ano.…”

Controle da pressão arterial em idosas de uma universidade da terceira idade: efeitos de ações educativas e da prática do Pilates

“…Estudos de metanálise mostraram os efeitos protetores do exercício físico (EF) sobre o organismo, salientando suas contribuições à redução dos valores da PA (BENTO et al, 2015;COSTA;BORGES, 2016). Entre os tipos de EF, a literatura destacada o treinamento resistido (SCHIAVONI et al, 2017) e os exercícios aeróbicos (NGOMANE; ABREU; CIOLAC, 2018). O papel do EF sobre a PA consiste na redução de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, contribuindo para diminuição da morbimortalidade.…”