Effects of feed solution characteristics on the rejection of N-nitrosamines by reverse osmosis membranes

Fujioka, Takahiro; Nghiem, Long D.; Khan, Stuart J.; McDonald, James A.; Poussade, Yvan; Drewes, Jörg E.

doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2012.03.035

Cited by 69 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Absolute SPE recoveries from ultrapure water were (51% to 93%) when spiked at 100 ng L À 1 and (43%-99%) when spiked at 10 ng L À 1 . Relatively poor recoveries are observed for the lower molecular weight nitrosamines such as NDMA, NMEA and NPyr because their low log Kow values make them highly water soluble and less likely to partition into non-polar media [31]. Overall absolute SPE recoveries were higher in tap water than in ultrapure water particularly for the low molecular weight nitrosamines suggesting that dissolved inorganics and/or organic carbon in the matrix may enhance the SPE recovery.…”

Section: Analyte Recovery Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of N-nitrosamines in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography–electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

McDonald

Harden

Nghiem

et al. 2012

Talanta

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, S. J. (2012). Analysis of N-nitrosamines in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography-electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta, Analysis of N-nitrosamines in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography-electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry a b s t r a c t A method has been developed for the determination of eight N-nitrosamines in drinking water and treated municipal effluent. The method uses solid phase extraction (SPE), gas chromatography (GC) and analysis by tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) with electron ionization (EI). The target compounds are N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomethyethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosodiethylamineThe use of direct isotope analogues for isotope dilution analysis of all analytes ensures accurate quantification, accounting for analytical variabilities that may occur during sample processing, extraction and instrumental analysis. Method detection levels (MDLs) were determined to describe analyte concentrations sufficient to provide a signal with 99% certainty of detection. The established MDLs for all analytes were 0.4-4 ng L À 1 in a variety of aqueous matrices. Sample matrices were observed to have only a minor impact on MDLs and the method validation confirmed satisfactory method stability over intra-day and inter-day analyses of tap water and tertiary treated effluent samples.

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Section: Analyte Recovery Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of N-nitrosamines in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography–electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

McDonald

Harden

Nghiem

et al. 2012

Talanta

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“…In 200 agreement with the 85% water recovery (Table 1) In plant B, 16 inch membrane elements were used whereas 8 inch membrane elements were 297 used in plants A and C. Thus, the hydraulic distribution of plant B can differ significantly 298 from that of plant A and C. At plant B, a significant variation in NDMA rejection (14-78%) 299 was observed among the three RO stages ( Figure 5). Changes in the permeate flux after each 300 filtration stage may contribute to this variation to some extent (Fujioka et al 2012b). 301…”

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N-nitrosamine rejection by reverse osmosis membranes: A full-scale study

et al. 2013

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This study aims to provide longitudinal and spatial insights to the rejection of N-nitrosamines by reverse osmosis (RO) membranes during sampling campaigns at three full-scale water recycling plants. Samples were collected at all individual filtration stages as well as at a cool and a warm weather period to elucidate the impact of recovery and feed temperature on the rejection of N-nitrosamines. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was detected in all RO feed samples varying between 7 and 32 ng/L. Concentrations of most other N-nitrosamines in the feed solutions were determined to be lower than their detection limits (3e5 ng/L) but higher concentrations were detected in the feed after each filtration stage. As a notable exception, in one plant, N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) was observed at high concentrations in RO feed (177e475 ng/L) and permeate (34e76 ng/L). Overall rejection of NDMA among the three RO systems varied widely from 4 to 47%. Data presented here suggest that the feed temperature can influence rejection of NDMA. A considerable variation in NDMA rejection across the three RO stages (14e78%) was also observed. Overall NMOR rejections were consistently high ranging from 81 to 84%. On the other hand, overall rejection of Nnitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) varied from negligible to 53%, which was considerably lower than values reported in previous laboratory-scale studies. A comparison between results reported here and the literature indicates that there can be some discrepancy in N-nitrosamine rejection data between laboratory-and fullscale studies probably due to differences in water recoveries and operating conditions (e.g. temperature, membrane fouling, and hydraulic conditions). between laboratory-and full-scale studies probably due to differences in water recoveries and 36 operating conditions (e.g. temperature, membrane fouling, and hydraulic conditions). 37

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“…2 are typically used for brackish water desalting and softening. There is a strong correlation between molecular weight of N-nitrosamines and their rejections for a given membrane [25,72,73]. An overall trend of increasing rejection in the increasing order of molecular width of the N-nitrosamines has also been demonstrated by Fujioka et al [73], when they examined the rejection of eight N-nitrosamines by NF/RO membranes.…”

Section: Rejection Of N-nitrosamines In Laboratory-scale Studiesmentioning

confidence: 56%

N-nitrosamine removal by reverse osmosis for indirect potable water reuse – A critical review based on observations from laboratory-, pilot- and full-scale studies

Fujioka

Khan

Poussade

et al. 2012

Separation and Purification Technology

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Nghiem, L. D. (2012). N-nitrosamine removal by reverse osmosis for indirect potable water reuse -A critical review based on observations from laboratory, pilot and full-scale studies. Separation and Purification Technology, a b s t r a c t N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and several other N-nitrosamines have been identified as probable human carcinogens. Here, we review key aspects related to the occurrence and removal of N-nitrosamines by reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in the context of indirect potable water reuse. A comprehensive analysis of the existing data reveals significant variations in the rejection of NDMA by RO membranes reported in the literature, ranging from negligible up to 86%. This review article provides some insight into the reasons for such variations by examining the available data on the effects of operating conditions on NDMA rejection. Amongst several operating parameters investigated so far in the literature, feed temperature, membrane permeate flux, feed solution pH and ionic strength were found to have considerable impact on NDMA rejection by RO membranes. In particular, it has been recently shown that seasonal changes in feed temperature (e.g. from 20 to 30°C) can result in a significant decrease in NDMA rejection (from 49% to 25%). However, the combined effects of all operating parameters identified in the literature to date can only account for some of the variations in NDMA rejection that have been observed in full-scale RO plants. The impacts of membrane fouling and particularly chemical cleaning on the rejection of N-nitrosamines have not been fully investigated. Finally, this review article presents a roadmap for further research required to optimise the rejection of NDMA and other N-nitrosamines by RO membranes. Crown

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Effects of feed solution characteristics on the rejection of N-nitrosamines by reverse osmosis membranes

Cited by 69 publications

References 32 publications

Analysis of N-nitrosamines in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography–electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

Analysis of N-nitrosamines in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography–electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

N-nitrosamine rejection by reverse osmosis membranes: A full-scale study

N-nitrosamine removal by reverse osmosis for indirect potable water reuse – A critical review based on observations from laboratory-, pilot- and full-scale studies

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