Effects of Energy Drinks on Soft Tissue Healing

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an energy drink (ED) on soft tissue wound healing in the rat model. Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. A full-thickness paravertebral linear incision wound model was created. The experimental group (EG) received an ED (Red Bull), and the control group (CG) received water. Red Bull (3.57 mL/kg/d) was administered to the rats by the oral gavage method on the day before the skin incision and continued for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed (n = 6 in each group) on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day of the study. Sections were obtained from excised linear wound healing site and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome for morphological analysis. To assess angiogenesis on the sections, immunohistochemical studies were carried out using vascular endothelial growth factor antibody and alpha smooth muscle actin Ab-1. The breaking strength of the wound healing site was measured in Newtons using a tensiometer. Morphological analysis showed that collagen deposition in the wound areas was statistically higher in the EG compared with that of the CG at both the third and seventh days (P < 0.05). Re-epithelialization on healing sites in the EG was statistically higher than in the CG on the seventh day (P < 0.05). The results of the immunohistochemical studies indicated that the numbers of new blood vessels in the wound healing sites of the EG were significantly higher at the 7th and 14th days when compared with the CG (P < 0.05). The breaking strength of the wound healing sites was also significantly higher on the 7th and 14th days in the EG (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate that ED accelerates soft tissue wound healing and that its effect may be due to increased collagen deposition, re-epithelialization, and new blood vessel formation in the wound.

Effect of a caffeinated energy drink and its withdrawal on the submandibular salivary gland of adult male albino rats: A histological and immunohistochemical study

“…Excessive collagen deposition was detected in energy drink group and could be attributed to different active ingredients present in these beverages which cause inhibition of A2A adenosine receptor that protects normal tissues from inflammatory damage. This results in development of interstitial inflammation and fibrosis [28,55] .…”

Histological Changes of Stomach and Intestine Induced by Energy Drink (Tiger) in Adult Male Rats

“…The current study revealed normal histological pattern in the stomach section in control group. Regarding the second group which was given a low dose of energy drink (Tiger), it was found that there are dilatation and congestion of blood vessels of gastric mucosa which may be attributed to increase in collagen formation and re-epithelization which goes with the result of Tek et al [10]. associated with parietal cell hyperplasia that may be attributed to the main content of the energy drink (caffeine) which was found by other researchers to be the main stimulating factor for gastrin release and gastric acid secretion and promoting the gastro-esophageal reflux [11], or due to high content of carbohydrate contained within the energy drink which may stimulate insulin and glucose release which in turn will cause hyperplasia of the gastric epithelium [8].…”

Hepatic Changes under the Effect of Red Bull Energy Drinks and its Withdrawal in Adult Male Albino Rats (Histological and Immunohistochemical Study)

“…These changes disappeared in the recovery group as a result of the energy drinks' unpleasant, harmful effect being eliminated [17] . In addition, Tek et al [30] used a…”