Effects of emotional valence and arousal upon memory trade-offs with aging.

Waring, Jill D.; Kensinger, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1037/a0015526

Cited by 80 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…The neurobiology of the EEM has been the focus of much research, and it has been demonstrated that the amygdala plays an important role in the processing of emotional information and thus EEM [1,52,53,54]. Amygdala activity during the encoding of emotionally salient stimuli is predictive of subsequent memory [53], and damage to the amygdala abolishes the EEM [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease on Emotional Enhancement of Memory

Baran

Cangöz²,

Ozel-Kizil³

2014

Eur Neurol

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Emotional enhancement of memory (EEM) has been a well-known phenomenon which corresponds to the advantage of emotional stimuli to be better recalled than neutral ones. Previous studies suggest that aging favours recollection of positive items and this pattern is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emotional valence of different stimulus modalities, i.e. pictures and words, may also have an effect on each other's memory performances. However, none of these were clearly studied in AD. This study aimed to evaluate how emotional valences of simultaneously presented stimuli affected recall in healthy young (YG, n = 30), healthy elderly (HE, n = 30) participants and in patients with AD (n = 30). A battery consisting of emotional words presented on emotional pictures was developed. An analysis of a 3 (Groups) × 3 (Emotional Valence of Picture) × 3 (Emotional Valence of Word) mixed ANOVA design was carried out. Patients with AD could process emotional information similarly to healthy participants; however, they had EEM only for picture recalling. Emotional valence of the co-presented stimulus had a boosting effect both in the YG and HE, but not in AD group, especially if both of the stimuli had the same emotional valence. This study highlights the impaired EEM for verbal and preserved EEM for non-verbal declarative memory in patients with AD, the neurobiological underpinnings of which should be addressed by future studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease on Emotional Enhancement of Memory

Baran

Cangöz²,

Ozel-Kizil³

2014

Eur Neurol

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“…Other investigators have argued that, by narrowing the scope of attention to central information, negative emotional arousal (rather than emotional arousal generally or positive emotion) leaves people susceptible to memory errors concerning peripheral details (Berntsen, 2002;Waring & Kensinger, 2009; also see Porter, Taylor, & ten Brinke, 2008). For instance, people remembering negative photographs had fewer false memories about central details of the images, but more false memories about peripheral details, than people remembering positive or neutral photographs (Van Damme & Smets, 2014).…”

Section: Emotional Valence and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion and False Memory

et al. 2015

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Emotional memories are vivid and lasting but not necessarily accurate. Under some conditions, emotion even increases people's susceptibility to false memories. This review addresses when and why emotion leaves people vulnerable to misremembering events. Recent research suggests that pregoal emotions-those experienced before goal attainment or failure (e.g., hope, fear)-narrow the scope of people's attention to information that is central to their goals. This narrow focus can impair memory for peripheral details, leaving people vulnerable to misinformation concerning those details. In contrast, postgoal emotions-those experienced after goal attainment or failure (e.g., happiness, sadness)-broaden the scope of attention leaving people more resistant to misinformation. Implications for legal contexts, such as emotion-related errors in eyewitness testimony, are discussed.

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“…1). The stimulus set included items and backgrounds used in prior studies (Kensinger, Gutchess, & Schacter, 2007a, b;Waring & Kensinger, 2009;Waring, Payne, Schacter, & Kensinger, 2010). Care was taken to make sure that the positive, negative, and neutral items were of comparable size and were balanced by approximate scene location.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention?

Steinmetz

Kensinger

2012

Mem Cogn

Self Cite

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Although it has been suggested that many effects of emotion on memory are attributable to attention, in the present study we addressed the hypothesis that such effects may relate to a number of different factors during encoding or postencoding. One way to look at the effects of emotion on memory is by examining the emotion-induced memory trade-off, whereby enhanced memory for emotional items often comes at the cost of memory for surrounding background information. We present evidence that this trade-off cannot be explained solely by overt attention (measured via eyetracking) directed to the emotional items during encoding. Participants did not devote more overt attention to emotional than to neutral items when those items were selectively remembered (at the expense of their backgrounds). Only when participants were asked to answer true/false questions about the items and the backgrounds-a manipulation designed to affect both overt attention and poststimulus elaboration-was there a reduction in selective emotional item memory due to an increase in background memory. These results indicate that the allocation of overt visual attention during encoding is not sufficient to predict the occurrence of selective item memory for emotional items.Keywords Memory . Attention . Emotion . Eye-tracking Emotional information is usually remembered better than neutral information (see Reisberg & Heuer, 2004), but the mechanisms behind this enhancement are still unclear. The increased memory for emotional information may be due to a number of different factors. For example, emotional stimuli may be more likely to attract and sustain attention (Anderson, 2005;Calvo & Lang, 2004), and emotional stimuli may also be more likely to evoke cognitive processing, elaboration, and rehearsal (Hamann, 2001;Libkuman, Stabler, & Otani, 2004).Many studies have provided evidence for the emotional prioritization of attention. People are quicker to notice emotional information within a visual array (Öhman, Flykt, & Esteves, 2001), are more likely to notice emotional words that are presented very quickly (Anderson & Phelps, 2001), and are more susceptible to interference from emotional than from neutral distractors (McKenna & Sharma, 1995;Schimmack & Derryberry, 2005). These behavioral effects of emotion on attention have also been shown in studies that have used eye gaze as a measure of overt visual attention: People tend to fixate first and to look longer at emotional pictures that are presented side by side with neutral pictures (Calvo & Lang, 2004;Nummenmaa, Hyönä, & Calvo, 2006). In addition, people fixate longer on irrelevant emotional distractor pictures than on neutral ones (Bannerman, Milders, & Sahraie, 2009;Calvo & Lang, 2004;Koster, Crombez, Verschuere, & De Houwer, 2004;Nummenmaa et al., 2006;Sarter, Givens, & Bruno, 2001). Thus, it seems that attention is initially focused on emotional information and that it is harder for participants to disengage attention from that information.The attention mediation hypothesis of the emoti...

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Effects of emotional valence and arousal upon memory trade-offs with aging.

Cited by 80 publications

References 63 publications

The Impact of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease on Emotional Enhancement of Memory

The Impact of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease on Emotional Enhancement of Memory

Emotion and False Memory

The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention?

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